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56 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Basic Social Movement Model
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Social disorganization-->individual frustration-->aggression/extermism
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Mass Society Theory
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Social Breakdown-->individual alienation-->extermism
-lose sight of "proper" actions -immediate/direct response |
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Relative Deprivation Theories
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Perception of RD-->Discontent-->Violence
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Criticisms of Traditional Theories
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-Assume uniformity of action in response to stimuli
-most alienated least likely to get involved |
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Resource Movilization Theory
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Post WWII Social Movements:
Not due to rise in discontent, but rise of available resources |
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RM Theory: "Structural Facilitators"
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-increasing affluene, pool of student activisits, pro./managerial jobs/instit. funding
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"Free Rider Problem"
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-assumption of RM theory
-Individuals won't act togeter for the common good |
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Public good
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Any good, such that if one pesron in the group consumes it, it cannot be withheld from others (clean air, equality, education)
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Selective Incentives
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-Individual, non-divisible goods
-can't get unless you join in -(Sanctions, rewards) |
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Core Assumptions of RM Theory
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Rationality
Exernal Support Organization |
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Professional SMOS
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-Run by professional staff and leaders
-small/nonexistent membership base -resources from elite groups -professional entrepreneurs define, create and manipulate grievances -Ex. Siera Club, NOW, Planned Parenthood |
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Criticisms of RM Theory
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-over-emphasis on external support
-under-emphasis on power/ablity of mass base -optimistic view of political organization (Iron Law) |
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Iron Law of Oligarchy
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Thesis: Natural tendency for organizations to develop oligarchical leadersip and conservative goals
Logic: 1. Distance between staff and members-->leaders can follow own interests 2. Concern with organizational survival leads to conservative goals and tactics |
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Civil Rights Movement: Political Opportunity Structure
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-decreased power of Southern elites
-relaxatioin of social control in South -Increased political influence in North -Cold War Politics -Communists cite racism in US as fault of Capitalism -Urbanization: development of key community institutions |
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Civil Rights:
Cognitive Liberation |
-Improved political conditions, community institutions
-"The system" loses legitimacy -assertion of "rights" -new sense of efficacy |
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Civil Rights
Local Movement Centers |
-ministers/churches
-direct action organizations -grassroots financing -weekly mass meetings -nonviolent direct action |
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The Sit-In Movement
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-1960
-Key to rapid spread: Church-student networds -student leadership -concentration of black colleges -mobilization via churches/local movement centers |
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Traditionalists V. Black Power
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NAACP&SCLC VS. CORE&SNCC
-as tactics of mvt. groups become more radical, elite organizations (NAACP, etc.) seen as only legitimate organizations-->outside support, funding of these more traditional groups |
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"Radical Flank" Effect
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Funding channeled towards more moderate oganizations
-resources to less threatening mvt. groups |
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"Violence Thesis"
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Media exposes police, natl. guard violence towards black protesters-->public willingness to intervene
*Idea that protesters intentionally provoke violence to manipulate this dynamic |
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Birmingham Campaign (1963)
Violence Thesis vs. Strategic Disruption |
-Extensive planning: use of economic/consumer power, plan for extended confrontation
-Peaceful boycott-->more disruptive activities (picketing, etc.) -Media attn. will provoke violence and sympathy -build "social drama" that can't be ignored by local power structure or media |
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Role of 3rd Parties in Civil Rights Movement
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1. Media: coverage once mvt. generates social disorder
2. Fed Govt: Intervenes in negotiating process **Only help movement in response to social disorder caused by movement |
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Cycles of protest
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Periods of generalized disorder and heightened conflict across the social system
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Components of cycles of protest
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Rapid diffusion of collective action
-participants people who are not usually thought of as likely to protest -Different sectors of society |
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Basic Thesis: Cycles of protest
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Political changes position "early risers" to take advantage of new opportunities
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"Demonstration Effect"
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-successful protest signals vulnerability and responsiveness of authorities/allies
-successful protest broadcasts effecive forms of collective action |
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Cultural Diffusion and adaptation
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-"Early risers" provoke breakdown in political system
-"Early risers" generate cultural or cognitive signals |
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1966-1970
Decline of Insurgency |
1. Protest to politics
2. Northern Strategy and Black Power 3. Backlash and Repression |
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Civil Rights Act of 1964
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-LBJ
-Racial discrimination in public places illegal -Equal employment opportunities -No racial discrimination in federally-funded projects -Uniform standards for voting rights - Allows for prosecution of specific states that limit voting rights |
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Voting Rights Act of 1965
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-Fed. Govt. can oversee voter registration and elections
-Fed. govt. can register voters refused by states -No literacy tests; expanded rights for non-English speaking Americans *Many feel goals have been met |
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Black Power/Naitonalism
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-black self sufficiency, separatism
-Mass unrest, riots, guerilla activity -Violence legitimized as tactic |
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Black Panther Party (1966)
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Initial goal: Patrol neighborhoods, watch police treatment of blacks
-develop strong black-controlled institutions -education ctrs, food dist. -work with white activists |
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Black Panter Protest that helps gain attention
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Law against carrying weapons in public-->seen as suppression of black power
-Protest-->media coverage |
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Backlash and Repression
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-Attempts to infiltrate/sabotage riots
-Panthers blamed for riots -Govt. Repression: raids, murders, arrests |
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Political Opportunity Structure:
Black Power |
-Access to participation
-Unstable political/electoral alignments -Influential allies -Conflicts among elites |
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Initiator Movements vs. Other movements
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Initiator: depend on POS
Other Mvts: take advantage of opportunities opened up by initiator movements *Diffusion |
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Hegemony
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-Ruling class domination through ideology, through shaping of popular consent
-engineering of mass consent to the established order -Those who rule dominant institutions secure power through active social control and by impressing their definitions of the situation onto other people |
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SDS leaders
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-Leaderless
-No media certification of celebrity leader |
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End of SDS
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-Radical flank
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Protest Cycle Theory--Women's Movement
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Spin off of Civil Rights Movement
-blacks open door for protest -Wmn view as own civil rts mvt |
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Women's Mvt: link to history
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Continuation of earlier struggle--suffrage
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National Women's Party
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-Picket outside white house
-parades -vigils -hunger strikes |
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Post-Suffrage ideas of women
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Will vote as coherent bloc--women use as coherent vote
-this doesn't happen |
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ERA
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-1923
-Equality of rights under law -women as offering something new v. women being equal to men -Not ratified |
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Abeyance Structure
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Organizational pattern characterized by high LONGEVITY of attachment; intense levels of individual COMMITMENT to movement goals and tactics; igh CENTRALIZATION thatn ensures a relatively advanced level of specialized skills among core acivist; and a rich political CULTURE that promotes continued involvement in the movement"
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Goals of Women's Movement
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ERA--lobbying, letter writing
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NWP demographics
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upper middle class white women
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Constraints of women's movement
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Upper middle class white women
Taylor: Had organization been more diverse, women's mvt. that followed in 1960s would have been more diverse |
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Effects of careers on women in social movements
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Work outside home-->structurally available for mvt. recruitment
Skills, contacts, etc. to help with organization of movements |
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Women: Change in Consciousness
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-Rejection of biological explanations for women's roles
-inherent gender equality -recognition of gender discrimination *Makes women available for movements: Majority accept idea of women having new societal role |
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"Cooptable Network"
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Network of like-minded people whose background, experiences, location in social structure make them receptive to new ideas of incipient movement--Freeman
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Women's Movement as "political insider"
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Movement develops outside political system-->organization, etc.-->becomes part of political system
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Feminist action: 1980s
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organizational dissolution
-few struggling local groups, handful natl. orgs. -no grassroots -Reagan anti-fem -New Right -Feminist action at local level (mvt. not dead) |
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Collective Identity
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Shared definition of a group that derives from members' common interests, experiences and solidarity
*Wmns Mvt: continued vitality of collective identity; continuity |
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Older Branch of Feminism
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Liberal Feminism
-reform through political advocacy, interest groups -Formal SMOS -Personal liberty, individual rights, equality -REFORM -Civil Rights Movement as inspiration -still considered radical |
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Younger Branch of Feminism
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-Radical/militant
-Smaller, decentralized organizations -build fem. comm. at local level -some separatists |