Social Final Ii

Front 1

what is one factor relating to the high prevalence of chronic illness:

Back 1

on average, 1/3 of patients do not adhere to the prescribed medical regiment.

Front 2

How can social psychologists contribute to improvements in health and life expectancy?

Back 2

1. study ways to prevent healthy people from engaging in unhealthy behavior
2. examine how people who behave unhealthily can be persuaded to change their behaivior
3. how to promote adherence to medical prescription in people who are ill.

Front 3

What are some health-specific models that have been developed to understand behaviors in the domain of health?

Back 3

1. Health belief model (HBM)
2. Protection Motivation theory (PMT)
3. Health action process Approach (HAPA)

Front 4

What are the two general psychological categories the health specific models attend to?

Back 4

1. motivation
2. self efficacy expectation

Front 5

What is risk perception

Back 5

threat of illness based on perceived vulnerability and perceived seriousness

Front 6

What is perceived vulnerability

Back 6

one part of measuring risk perception, perception of getting the illness...usually based on history or family history and comparing oneself to others

Front 7

Unrelaistic optimism

Back 7

bad perception based on biased social comparison (friends don't have STDS so i won't get it.

Front 8

Perceived seriousness

Back 8

other factor on evaluating the risk perception.. how serious disease is...can be based on
1. comparisons between diseases
2. how effective the treatment for disease it
3. how deadly disease is...

Front 9

Worry:

Back 9

uncontrolled repetition of thoughts about the danger...it can support efforts to change unhealthy behavior.

Front 10

However, worry doesn't always lead to change in behavior but preserving peace of mind. this is called what?

Back 10

disengagment beliefs...help lower fear wthout change the unhealthy behavior

Front 11

what are positive outcome expectations?

Back 11

expectations of the benefits after changing an unhealthy behavior

Front 12

What are positive outcomes expectations that can change behavior?

Back 12

1. expectation about health (use condom is healthy)
1. social benefits of behavior (make me socially responsible)
2. self-evaluative outcome expectations (feel good about using condom)

Front 13

What are self efficacy expectation?

Back 13

people's perceptions of their ability to perform a particular behavior

Front 14

**high self efficacy expectations are a precondition for motivating power of expected positive outcomes of healthy behavior to manifest

Back 14

**high self efficacy expectations are a precondition for motivating power of expected positive outcomes of healthy behavior to manifest

Front 15

What is the best predictor of behavior?

Back 15

intentions, but intentions do not specify when the behavior will be implemented

Front 16

What is implementation intentions

Back 16

it specifies when and where a person will act. so writing them down, chance that the intended behavior will indeed be executed strongly increases

Front 17

What is behavior willingness?

Back 17

Willingness to take a certain risk when a situation occurs, not a deliberate plan to take this risk...it is another GAP between intentions and behavior. (some don't intend but still act)

Front 18

what are prototype images?

Back 18

Youngsters often have these images that they find attractive...and this influences their behavior

Front 19

What are psychological factors that see if people go to the doctors?

Back 19

1. Symptom perception
2. Illness beliefs

Front 20

What is symptom perception:

Back 20

whether patient put meaning to symptom, and from perception, does it mean they should go to the doctor?

Front 21

illness beliefs

Back 21

Perception of symptoms depends on this, and these are mental representations about what symptoms are typical for a specific illness

Front 22

What affects adherence to a medical treatment, looking at the social context?

Back 22

1. Doctor-patient relationship
-what the doctor tells the patient
-how the doctor communicates
2. Social environment

Front 23

Social support:

Back 23

Refers to the embedding of a person in an adequate social network in which the person is loved and valued.

Front 24

What are the types of social support?

Back 24

1. Emotional support: (listen and support the patient
2. Tangible assistance (friends and relatives help patient to interpret and explain experience)
3. instrumental support (helpful reminders)

Front 25

stage model:

Back 25

change takes time, and people move through different stages when they change their behavior...movement from each different stage caused by different set of psychological factors

Front 26

According to the trans theoretical model, what are the five successive stages that people take for the stage model

Back 26

1. precontemplation stage (not motivated to change)
2. Contemplation: start thinking about changing, but postpone change
3. Preparation stage: people plan to adopt new behavior on short-term basis
4. action stage: people start with change in behavior but still have actively to prevent relapse to old behavior
5. maintenance: they integrated new behavior into their lives.

Front 27

What is the basic premise of the stage model?

Back 27

in order to move forward from one stage to another, people have to finish stage-specific tasks

Front 28

using fear, what else needs to be done to effect change?

Back 28

need a fear appeal that has something that tells people that there is something they can do to reduce their risk and that they are able to perform their needed behavior

Front 29

Tailoring message, what is key

Back 29

should not have specific characteristics so it can be relevant to many people

Front 30

Computer-Tailored persuasion

Back 30

computers have made it possible to individually tailor info, based on individual input.

Front 31

Tailored message and communication can be more effective than non-tailored communication. What are three tailoring working mechanisms that can be distinguished?

Back 31

1. adaptation
2. Feedback
3. Personalization

Front 32

What is adaptation

Back 32

Tailoring the content info, and makes info more relevant and less redundant. ...one form is framing...

Front 33

What is feedback

Back 33

providing a person with info or interpretation of info in reaction to the input of the person..enhances relevance

Front 34

What is personalization

Back 34

incorporate recognizable individual features in the content info.
makes it more relevant

Front 35

What type of framing should be done to promote a health behavior?

Back 35

Benefits focus, so a gain framed appeal

Front 36

Cost of failing to perform the behavior requires what type of framing?

Back 36

loss-framed appeal

Front 37

In Rothman and Salovey's study on framing, what was found?

Back 37

when health behavior is thought to involve risk, loss framed message was more persuasive.
If the behavior is perceived to afford a relatively certain outcome, gain framed appeals are more persuasive

Front 38

So for screening, what framing should be used? for prevention?

Back 38

screening-->use loss framing...and for prevention, use gain frame.

Front 39

In Psychology Today, how many men and women are dissatisfied with overall appearance?

Back 39

43% of men and 56% of women are dissatisfied. and that also over time, more and more people are dissatisfied with their body.

Front 40

In the study of women free of eating disorders, and asked to approximate the size of bodies, cheeks, waist, hips and thighs

Back 40

85% overestimated the size of body parts, on average by 25%

Front 41

In Fallon and Rozin's classic study, what was studied and what was found?

Back 41

Studied the scale of ideal figures for M and W.
M: chose similar figures as representing their ideal, current and figure that was most attractive to women.
W: chose heavier figure and thinner figure as their ideal. also female figure judged by W to be most attractive to men was much thinner than what men actually preferred.

Front 42

What is a drawback of Fallon and Rozin's study on body image

Back 42

men also want bigger in terms of muscle. overestimate the muscularity women find attractive.

Front 43

What is Body dismorphic disorder?

Back 43

BDD is a frequent disorder along with eating disorder. 7-24% attenpt suicide, and many seek surgery

Front 44

What are the two theoretical explanations for a distrubed body image?

Back 44

1. social comparison theory and
2. schema theory

Front 45

What is the social comparison theory in terms of body image

Back 45

people have a fundamental desire to evaluate their opinions and abilities and strive to have a stable accurate appraisal of themselves

Front 46

In daily life, what does social comparison show?

Back 46

that daily social comparison have more adverse than positive effects...those with low self esteem are more likely to engage in social comparisons and are less satisfied with their looks than those with high self esteem

Front 47

What is the schema they in terms of the body image

Back 47

Scehmas individuals use to determine how they interpret info and what info they acquire.

Front 48

What are two important type of schemas in terms of the body image?

Back 48

1. body image evaluations
2. Body image investment

Front 49

What is body image evaluations:

Back 49

Refer to feelings of satisfaction or dissatisfaction with one's body

Front 50

What is body image investment

Back 50

refers to the cognitive, emotional and behavioral importance of the body image for one's self evaluation.

Front 51

What are ways to prevent body image disturbances

Back 51

1. Build self esteem...
(government info campaigns and school programmes)
2. focus on children and adolescents...
3. Also regular physical exercise is effective in reducing body image dissatisfaction.

Front 52

Why do women are more likely to experience stress and depression than men?

Back 52

1. women have less power than men, and therefore experience more chronic strains.
2. women's greater vulnerabilty to depression might be the result of biological characteristics unique to women (though studies don't really support this)
3. Stress throy...ways people cope with stress

Front 53

What are the two major coping strategies?

Back 53

1. problem-focused coping-->individuals try to alter the source and stress
2. emotion-focused coping...regulate their emotional responses to the stressor.

Front 54

For both sexes, what is associated with less depressive symptoms in terms of coping?

Back 54

more problem focused coping is less depression...women are more liekly to cope with emotional coping...men use problem solving approach.

Front 55

Depressed individuals make social comparisons and seek what kind of targets?

Back 55

negative social comparison targets, and engage in more upward comparisons that emphasize their inferiority

Front 56

What has been found about mildly depressed individuals and comparison

Back 56

they tend to commpare with someone with less positive attiributes and engage in self-derogation...i'm worthless too...

Front 57

Depressed also see themselves in what way when they do comparisons?

Back 57

see themselves less capable, less beautiful, less than average, when non-depressed have more positive self concepts

Front 58

What are the indications of unfavorable social comparisons that make them vulnerable to depression?

Back 58

1. having to act in a submissive way during childhood

Front 59

What is the theory of involuntary subordinate strategies (ISS)

Back 59

tieing social comparison and evolutionary psych theory in explaining depression.

Front 60

In Buunk and Brenninkmeyer study, what was found after reading about depressed target who overcame depression through considerable work or without much effot?

Back 60

non depressed, with high effort evoked a positive modd change...and depressed in low target had a positive mood change

Front 61

What are the two theorieson potential causes of marital strife?

Back 61

1. attachment theory and
2. Social exchange/ interdependence

Front 62

Attachement theory

Back 62

in response to carers, they unconsciously develop a specific attachment style that is consistent way of repsonding to separation from a parent.

Front 63

Those who have carers always availabe and responsive

Back 63

Have secure attachment style: view others as trustworthy, and develop positive view of themselves

Front 64

Those who have carers who show rejection, lack of responsiveness, or physical and emotional abuse

Back 64

Have avoidant attachment style: cynical view o others.

Front 65

Those who have carers who respond inconsistently to their needs

Back 65

have anxious-ambivalent attachemnt: strong desire to be close to others and combined with a fear that others will not respond...

Front 66

Avoidant may have two types:

Back 66

1. fearful attachment: want intimate relationships but avoid them because they are afraid of being hurt.
2. dismissing attachment style: individuals may prefer freedom and independence to closeness others...

Front 67

Exchange orientation

Back 67

extent to which individuals expect an immediate repayment for benefits given