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47 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Norms
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Moral customs with force behind them they describe what is and isn't permissable. Breaching norms usually brings with it a sense of guilt or shame because of socialization.
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Norms
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Moral customs with force behind them they describe what is and isn't prmissable and bring about shame because of socialization when one is violated. Durkhiem identiifed a close connection between norms and religious beliefs, rituals and practices. There are four types
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4 types of Norms
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Role Norms
Folkways Mores Taboos |
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Role Norms
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Situational expectations (expect a teacher to teach)
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Folkways
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Rules of Etiquette (not putting toast on the table in japan)
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Mores
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Fundamental soical norms; things that violate a collective conscious (ex. stealing is across the board wrong)
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Taboos
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Strong prohibitions and moral outrages (ie. murder, torture, sex wiht a corpse) it reflects human nature
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Experimental Research Design
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A form of quantitative research with two sets of groups one as the experimental group and another as teh control. IT helps to determine causality, provides cross sextional snapshot of the population and can be longitudinal following groups of people over time. R -> o1 ->x1 -> o2; R->o1->_->o2
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Moral Statisticians
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Aldophe QUitlet and Michael GUerry. They are interested in crime rates and moral offenses like prostitution, suicide, drinking, property crimes an dmurder. THey mapped patterns of offending in France and found crime rates to be constant when broken down by age, gender and types of offenses. allowed crime to be understood as social phenomena
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UCR
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Uniformed Crime Report, a FBI database measuring index offenses (felonies and misdeamenors like murder, rape and assault) there are problems with its uniformity because people are more likely to reprot problems when they feel the police ar edoing a good job then when they aren't.
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NCVS
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National Crime Victimization Survey, asks participants about htere experiance being a victim. It is more accurate than the UCR because its modeled on a real population. IT provides a useful summary statistics and can be used to assess certain demographic variables.
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Deterrence/ Classical Theory
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Jeremy Bentham Ceasare Beccaria-- Deviant or criminal behavior occurs for rational reasons. THe person who breaks the social norms think srationally and calculates their costs and benefits in deciding to commit deviant behavior, and consciously modify their behavior based on those consequences.
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Jeremy Bentham and John Stewart Mill's Deterrence Theory
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Utilitarians they adapted Smith and Lockes market and enlightmentt theories to deal twiith deviance. THe utilitarian appraoch views all human behavior can be attributed to a calcualtion of costs and bennefits. THey argued against the phillosophers that the state should play a major role in coordinating social life.
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Jeremy Benthem's Model Prison
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Utilitarian/ Deterrence/Classical theory approach- the purpose is to reform prisoners; inmates in their cells would be on view from a central gaurd tower--each prisoner had an individual cell in which to think over and repent his crimes.
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Cesare Beccaria and Deterrence/ Classical Theory
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defined modern deterrence theory--punishment for a given offense should be just what was required to stop, or deter the criminal from commiting the same offense again and to do more was to practice cruelty while doing less was ineffective
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Beccaria's 3 considerationf for appplying punishment for the purpose of deterrence
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1.) Certainty-THe criminal should be certain the punishment will occur 2.)Celerity (speed)- the punishment shoudl occur relatively soon afte rthe offense or apprehension of the offense 3.) Severity Punishment should not be excessive but suffiecient ot deter the behavior
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2 types of Deterrence (Beccaria)
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Specific Deterrence- the amount of deterrence required to discourage a given criminal from committing the crime he contemplates. 2.) General Deterrence the idea that the rational considerations that affect the criminal can be genralized over the entire population
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Anomie/ Strain Theory
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Durkhiem; Merton; Cohen; Cloward and Ohlin; Agnew;
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Durkhiem's Anomie/Strain theory
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Theory of deviance depends on teh idea that people do best when they experiance norms as close and constrainign. ANomie is the lack of knowing social lives. He related Anomie to suicide because people who feel thehy live seperated from their primary group of life by abnormal divisions or labor are depressed. Norms impinge differently on people of different social situations
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Merton's THeory of Strain
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Believed incompatability between goals and menas yielded incongruence leading to Anomie, which eh defined in terms of strain instead of Durkhiems normlessness. High crime in America is due to an over emphasis on financial success and an under emphasis on the means by which to achieve that success
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Merton's 5 ways of dealing with disjuncture
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1.) Conformity- positive attitude toward success and sufficient means to achieve the goal. Minimum strain
2.) Innovation- Positive attitude toward success but a lack of menas. Reflects Strain 3.) Ritualism- A negative attitdue toward success with the means to achieve goals. Reflects Strain 4.)Rebellion- Occurs when ther eis negative attitudes toward success goals and nom means avialiable--doesn't reflect strain--it involves a group trying to change tohe means and goals 5.) Retreatism- A double negative; negative attitude toward success and lack of available means - Reflects strain |
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Moral Entrepreneur
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Indiviuals who make careers out of alerting socieity to social problems (John Walsh of America's Most Wanted) Can provide a service if identifying real problems but can be harmful if a problem is overstated or ensues moral panic.
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Social Disorganization Theory
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Aldoph Quitlet; Parks and BUrgess; Shaw and McKay
Quitilet was the first to trace transitional socieities; Parks and Burgess developed a theory of Urban develpment and split the city into five zones |
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5 zones of a city
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1-core= industry/ businesses
2-Transitional= low income families/ immigrants and rundown factories 3-WOrking class= low income housing but more premanent 4-Middle class 5- Upper class |
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Shaw and McKay
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Crime tends to be in the transitional zone becaus eo f1.) Poverty 2.) Large Immigrant populations 3.) High rates of residential turnover. Developed the theory of informal social control. THe ability of communities to control or not control and self-regualte crime. Disadvantaged ocmmunities have high crime because they aren't able to effectively control crime
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Informal Social control
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The closer a neighborhood is the more control they have and lower crime rates individuals are morel ikely to intervene on each others behalf if they known their neighbors. Deviant individuals may percieve more opportunity in disadvantaged neighborhoods
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Formal Social Control
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Ability of police, courts and governemtns to control crime (shaw and McKay)
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Skinner's Operant Conditioning
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Idea of Reinforcement and punishment there are four types
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Positive Reinforcement
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Want good behavior to reproduce itself so you give somehting good for the behavior.
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Negative Reinforcement
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A good behavior occurs and you want ot encourage it so you remove a negative sanction (ungrounding a child)
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Positve Punishment
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Apply somehting negative to discourage bad behavior.
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Syke's and Matza's 5 types of Neutralization
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Delinquents have the same values as law abiding citizens (Cohen disagrees saying that delinquent subcultures form because the y disregaurd norms) 1.) Denial of Responsibility 2.) Denial of Injury 3.) Denial of Victim-The victim had it coming 4.) Condmning the condmeners 5.) Appeal to higher loyalties
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Neutralization
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Syke's and Matza's; Cohen Members of deviant groups may generate explainantions concerning reasons their behavior is not really deviant in light of socieity's actual or potential disapproval. A process of distancing from stigmatization and feeligns of guilt by offerieng excusses for the deviant behavior htere are different categoreis of excuses.
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Cohen's Neutralization--Strain Theory
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The fist to apply Strain theory to real situations doing a study on school children on analyzing the difficulty of lower class boys to live up to middle class values; 1.) ambitiousness, 2.) responsibilitiy, 3,) developing economically orriented skills 4.) postponing gratification, 5.) Rational planning 6.) manners and courtesy 7.)de-emphasizing physical aggression 8.) constructive play; 9.) respecting others property rights. Those unable to meet these characteristics are subject to punishment or ridicule leading to a loss of self-esteem and to regain their self-esteem tehy form gaings that have the opposite norms
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Goode's ABC"s of deviance
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Attitude (intent), Behavior(physical action), and Conditions (outward appearance)
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Social Control Theory
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Black- Control Theory argues that people tend to behave selfishly by nature and asks why people behave well instead of why some are deviant; contributers are :
Quitlet Shaw and McKay Broken Windows THeory Gottredson and Hirschi's General Theory of Crime Sampson and Laub Age Grade theory |
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Hirschi
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Ones bonds to society push or pull them into a life of crime people who have 1,) Attachment ot family and friends 2.)Commitment to legitamate activities like jobs 3.) INvolvement by investing time and effort into legitamate activities; and 4.) Beleif by attaching moral validity to sociieties rules are less likely to be deviant
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Sampson and Laub Age Grade theory
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Individuals have regular patterns of offending and non offending. Certain turnign points (job, marragie, etc) lead to desisstance in ofending trajectories. Crime decreases in early 20's.
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Differential Association (Sutherland)
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Deviance is learned; what is learned as appropriate behavior and deviance depends on one's specific group there are nine propisitons; 1.)Criminal behavior is learned 2.) it's learned t hrough interactions with others
3.) it's learned in intimate groups 4.) it involves learning trade tools like rationalization/ neutralization 5.) Specific direction of motives nad drives is learned from definition of legal codes as favorable or unfavorable 6.) Delinquency is a result of excessive definitions unfavorable to law 7.) Differential Associations may vary in frequency, duration, priority and intensity 8.)process of learning criminal behavior invovles the same mechansisms involved with othe learning 9.) Criminal behavior is an expression of general needs and values but not explained by thsoe needs and values; |
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Self Control Theory (Gottfredson and Hirschi)
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Low self control is the condition underlying all forms of deviant behavior across lifecourse. Individuals are socialized ot have self control primarily through child rearing practices. Self control stabalizes between ages of 8-10. Crime provides immediate gratification of desires and those alcking in self control also alck tenasity . Delinquents come from parents who failed to give them affection, monitor behavior, recognize devant acts and failed to control wrong doings. Crime can take place if there is a motivated offender with access to a target without a capable gaurdian.
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Ceasare Lombroso and Positivism
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An objective science dealing with the observation of criminals. Belief that there are heritable biological traits that cause criminal behavior. Criminals are atavistic or gentic throwbacks. Delt with determinism, evolutionand identification of deviatns. it introduced eugenics which led to genetics, biomarkers and gene environment interaction and twin studies
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History of Marijuana
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-8,000BC use of h emp fiber, still used as the perferred materialin ropes and sials.
-2000 bc. marijuana is used as medicinal/ herbal supplement (China) -1500's England mandated all farmers grow hemp --> 1600's all colonies had to grow it; George washing ton grew it and the first draft of the constitution was written on hemp paper |
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Marijuana in the US
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largely unknown until the 1920's but foudn in "cure all" elixers. It gained notarity in 1930's thorugh association with mexican migrant workers and Hearst; 1937 MJ tax act
1970 Controlled Substance act 1960's became popular with middle class whites and led to 11 states decriminalizing it in cconflict with fed laws; 1990's many federal laws were repealed and it peaked in 1978. |
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Becker -Becoming a MJ kuser
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Symbolic interactionism 1.) proper techniqe; 2.) Interpert percieved effects 3.) enjoy the effects
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Cloward and Ohlin's Opportunity strucutrues
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Deals with the means necessary to become successful 1.) Criminal subculture- illigitamate opportuity structure is provided to achieve success. 2.) Conflict subculture- no opporutnity structure legal or illegal to achieve succes (Merton's rebellion)
3.) Retreatest subculture- no opportunity structures and inability to form another subculture= double failure and can lead to alcohol and drug abuse |
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Bob Agnew's Strain Theory
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Traditional Strain theories focuses too much on how to achieve cultrual goals. There are three forms of strain: 1.) Failure to achieve a positively valued goal; 2.) Removal of positively valued stimuli (loss of job) and 3.) Intorduction of a negative stimuli (being victimized). Differences in the production of crime has to do with ones coping mechanisms
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Ackers combined theory of Differential Association & Social learning
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Combines differential association with social learnign and operant conditioning. Crime is operant behavior and behavior is influenced by events that follow it. Behavior is the result of reinforcement and punishment. Opperant conditioning occurs through close reference groups, imitation (vicarious reinforcement), Differential reinforcement ( some behavior is rewarded in different way sin different situations) Discriminative stimuli (environmental factors that use a certain action is okay in certain situations (Verbal -->reinvorces behavior as positive; Neutralizing- rationalizes behavior)
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