Social Development Ch13

Front 1

adult attachment

Back 1

Patterns of mental representation, emotion and proximity-seeking in adults related to childhood attachment patterns (p. 500)

Front 2

ambivalent attachment style

Back 2

Response to separation in which infants who are angry and rejecting simultaneously indicate a clear desire to be close to the mother (p. 497)

Front 3

attachment

Back 3

Enduring ties of affection that children form with their primary caregivers and that become the basis for later love relationships (p. 494)

Front 4

authoritarian

Back 4

A way of parenting that places high value on obedience and respect for authority (p. 504)

Front 5

authoritative

Back 5

A way of parenting that sets standards for children and firmly enforces them but also provides explanations for the parents’ actions and encourages verbal give-and-take (p. 504)

Front 6

autonomy versus shame and doubt

Back 6

In Erikson's theory, the stage in which children begin to walk, talk and get a sense of themselves as independent sources of will and power (p. 526)

Front 7

avoidant attachment style

Back 7

Response to separation in which infants ignore the mother when she returns (p. 497)

Front 8

basic trust versus mistrust

Back 8

In Erikson's theory, the stage in which infants come to trust others or to perceive the social world as unfriendly or unreliable (p. 526)

Front 9

conflict model

Back 9

Theoretical model of adolescence that holds that conflict and crisis are normal in adolescence (p. 528)

Front 10

contact comfort

Back 10

The ties that bind an infant to its caregivers (p. 495)

Front 11

continuity model

Back 11

The theoretical model that holds that adolescence for most individuals is essentially continuous with childhood and adulthood and not distinguished by turbulence (p. 529)

Front 12

conventional morality

Back 12

The level of morality in which individuals define what is right by the standards they have learned from other people, particularly respected authorities (p. 520)

Front 13

developmental task

Back 13

Challenge that is normative for a particular period of life (p. 526)

Front 14

disorganised attachment style

Back 14

Response to separation in which infants behave in contradictory ways, indicating helpless efforts to elicit soothing responses from the attachment figure (p. 497)

Front 15

empathy

Back 15

The capacity to understand another person's experience, both cognitively and emotionally (pp. 16, 442, 523)

Front 16

gender

Back 16

The psychological meaning of being male or female; the roles and behaviours that cultures deem appropriate for men and women (pp. 507, 782)

Front 17

gender constancy

Back 17

The recognition that people's gender cannot be altered by changes in appearance or activities (p. 515)

Front 18

gender identity

Back 18

The categorisation of oneself as either male or female (p. 515)

Front 19

gender roles

Back 19

The range of behaviours considered appropriate by society for males and females (p. 507)

Front 20

gender schemas

Back 20

Representations that associate psychological characteristics with one sex or the other (p. 515)

Front 21

gender stability

Back 21

The understanding that one's gender remains constant over time (p. 515)

Front 22

generativity

Back 22

A concern for the next generation as well as an interest in producing something of lasting value to society (p. 528)

Front 23

generativity versus stagnation

Back 23

In Erikson's theory, the stage in which people in mid-adulthood experience concern for the next generation as well as an interest in producing something of lasting value to society (p. 528)

Front 24

guidance approach

Back 24

Parents help children to manage their emotions and learn considerate behaviours (p. 504)

Front 25

identity

Back 25

A stable sense of knowing who one is and what one's values and ideals are (p. 527)

Front 26

identity confusion

Back 26

A condition in which the individual fails to develop a coherent and enduring sense of self, and has difficulty committing to roles, values, people and occupational choices in his or her life (p. 527)

Front 27

identity versus identity confusion

Back 27

In Erikson's theory, the stage in which adolescents develop a stable sense of who they are and a stable set of values and ideals (p. 527)

Front 28

imprinting

Back 28

The tendency of young animals of certain species to follow an animal to which they were exposed during a sensitive period early in their lives (p. 495)

Front 29

industry versus inferiority

Back 29

In Erikson's theory, the stage in which children develop a sense of competence as they begin to practise skills they will use in productive work (p. 527)

Front 30

initiation rites

Back 30

Ceremonies such as the rites found in many cultures in adolescence, which initiate a person into a new social role, such as adulthood (p. 527)

Front 31

initiative versus guilt

Back 31

In Erikson's theory, the stage in which children develop a sense of goal-directness and responsibility (p. 527)

Front 32

integrity versus despair

Back 32

In Erikson's theory, the stage in which older people look back on their lives with a sense of satisfaction that they have lived it well, or with despair, regret and loss for loved ones who have died (p. 528)

Front 33

internal working model

Back 33

A mental representation of the attachment relationship, which forms the basis for expectations in close relationships (p. 498)

Front 34

intimacy versus isolation

Back 34

In Erikson's theory, the stage in which young adults establish enduring, committed friendships and romantic relationships (p. 527)

Front 35

morality of constraint

Back 35

According to Piaget's theory of moral development, the first stage of moral judgement, in which children believe that morals are absolute (p. 519)

Front 36

morality of cooperation

Back 36

According to Piaget's theory of moral development, the stage at which moral rules can be changed if they are not appropriate to the occasion, as long as the people involved agree to do so (p. 519)

Front 37

negative identity

Back 37

Taking on a role that society defines as bad but that nevertheless provides one with a sense of being something (p. 527)

Front 38

neglected children

Back 38

Children who are ignored by their peers (p. 510)

Front 39

permissive

Back 39

A way of parenting that imposes few controls on children, allowing the children to make their own decisions whenever possible (p. 504)

Front 40

perspective-taking

Back 40

The ability to understand other people's viewpoints or perspectives (p. 514)

Front 41

postconventional morality

Back 41

In Kohlberg's theory, the level of morality in which individuals follow abstract, self-defined principles which may or may not accord with the dominant mores or morals of the times (p. 520)

Front 42

preconventional morality

Back 42

In Kohlberg's theory, the level of morality in which children follow moral rules either to avoid punishment or to obtain reward (p. 519)

Front 43

prosocial behaviour

Back 43

Behaviour that benefits either specific individuals or society as a whole (p. 520)

Front 44

psychosocial stages

Back 44

In Erikson's theory, the stages in the development of the person as a social being (p. 526)

Front 45

rejected children

Back 45

Children who are disliked by their peers (p. 509)

Front 46

secure attachment style

Back 46

Response to separation in which infants welcome the mother's return and seek closeness to her (p. 497)

Front 47

self-concept

Back 47

An organised pattern of thought and perception about oneself (pp. 25, 442, 512, 708)

Front 48

separation anxiety

Back 48

(Burton, Lorelle. Psychology: Australian and New Zealand Edition, 2nd Edition. John Wiley & Sons Australia, p. G-2).

Front 49

sex typing

Back 49

The process by which children come to acquire personality traits, emotional responses, skills, behaviours and preferences that are culturally considered to be appropriate to their sex (p. 507)

Front 50

sex-role ideology

Back 50

Beliefs about appropriate behaviours of the sexes (p. 516)

Front 51

social cognition

Back 51

The processes by which people make sense of others, themselves, social interactions and relationships (pp. 512, 691)

Front 52

social development

Back 52

Predictable changes in interpersonal thought, feeling and behaviour (p. 494)

Front 53

socialisation

Back 53

The process by which children and adults learn the rules, beliefs, values, skills, attitudes and patterns of behaviour of their society (p. 502)

Front 54

stagnation

Back 54

A feeling that the promise of youth has gone unfulfilled (p. 528)

Front 55

theory of mind

Back 55

An implicit set of ideas about the existence of mental states, such as beliefs and feelings, in oneself and others that children begin to develop in the toddler years (p. 514)

Front 56

uninvolved

Back 56

Parents who consistently place their own needs above the needs of their child (p. 504)