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19 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Industrial revolution |
Deemed to have occurred during the mid 18th to the mid 19th centuries This period marked a change in Britain from a feudal, rural society into an industrialised, machine-based capitalist society, controlled by a powerful urban middle-class |
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During the first half of the 19th century the initial effects were often negative, including |
Migration of the lower class into urban areas — looking for work in the new factories & lead to a loss of space to play traditional mob games Lack of leisure time — 12 hour working days, six days a week & the sabbath was a religious day of rest Lack of income — low wages & poverty were evident with little income for leisure Poor health living & work conditions — lead to pollution & lack of hygiene Loss of rights — restrictions were placed on mob games Lack of public provision — no access to private facilities or personal equipment for lower classes |
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Second half of the 19th century some improvements had a positive effect including |
Health and hygiene improved as a result of gradual living improvements & public bath act Gradual increase in wages & more time for sport due to factory acts & Saturday half days New middle class developed & changed ways of behaving & playing sport Influence of ex public schoolboys The values of athleticism Industrial patronage Improvements in transport & communication It become cheaper to travel |
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Industrial patronage |
Factory teams were set up by factory owners as a way of decreasing absenteeism and encouraging loyalty in the workforce |
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Urbanisation |
Large numbers of people migrating/moving from rural areas into towns and cities seeking regular work in the factories |
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Key features of urbanisation that contributed to the development of sport |
Lack of space unlike in the countryside which led to the development of purpose-built facilities Large working class population needed entertaining, resulting in mass spectator numbers at football and rugby matches Loss of traditional sports — mob games are banned in civilised urban society so new sports needed to be emerged Change in working conditions — initially working class worked long hours & had limited free time but as the situation improved sport attendance & participation went up |
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The transport revolution |
Development of steam trains and railways increase spectator and participation opportunities and spread interest in sport |
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Key ways in which development of railways contributed to the development of sport in this period |
Movement of team/spectators — steam trains enabled faster & further travel leading to nationwide fixtures developing on a regular basis Improved access to different parts of the country allowed development of local, regional & national leagues forming Cheaper train travel meant it was affordable for working-class to follow their teams home and away Improved access to the countryside |
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Communications |
Gradual improvement in educational provision for working-class in the 2nd half of the 19th century led to improvements in reading & writing abilities Communication such as newspapers improved as society became more literate Developments in printed media increased knowledge of awareness of sport — (when fixtures were taking place & knowledge of results) Led to the emergence of sporting heroes and role models as people could read match reports & relate to their favourite players |
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Influence of the church |
Encouraged social control through civilised activities —diverting people away from less sociably acceptable activities such as drinking & gambling Church facilities such as halls provided venues Sport was viewed as a good way of promoting Christian values Development of YMCA promoted the healthy body healthy mind link Church organised teams, set up clubs & organised competitions Many modern day football clubs have their origins traceable to church organisations |
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Emergence of the middle-class in a three tier society supported development of sports through |
Codification Competitions Public provision Increased leisure time Move to professionalism |
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Codification |
The gradual organisation in defining of the rules |
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Philanthropists |
Kind generous middle-class individuals who had a social conscience and were keen to try to provide for better life among the working class |
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The British Empire |
Sport is seen as a good and powerful way of instilling moral values into people across the world Young men educated to become leaders of the British Empire spread the playing of games in a number of different ways |
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Development of sport in Britain is it spread for the British Empire |
Teachers – developed teams & taught traditional sporting values Factory owners – set up teams & gave workers time off Clergy – developed church teams or became missionaries & took sport abroad Officers in the British Army – used sports with the armed services Diplomats – traveled the world & took sport with them (rugby & cricket) They form the national governing bodies of sport - codified sports & established leagues & competitions which spread internationally & nationally |
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Public provision |
Local council provision of facilities for the masses to participate Development of public baths in urban & industrial areas positively influenced opportunities for working-class rational recreation Poor living conditions, disease & pollution were harsh side-effects of industrialisation & acts such as the Wash Houses Act of 1846 increased provision |
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Development of national governing bodies |
During mid to late 19th century lots of NGB began to develop as sport was becoming increasingly popular More teams and clubs were forming More national & international fixtures were being organised Leagues & competitions were required for teams to compete Nationally agreed rules & codification for different sports were required to enable fair competition |
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Rational recreation |
Involves the post-industrial development of sport It was characterised by number features including respectability, regularity, strict administration & codification |
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Characteristics of rational recreation |
Respectability – non-violent in nature & emphasis on fair play Regionally nationally regularly played Stringent administration & codification set down by NGB Referees & officials were present to enforce newly developed roles Purpose-built facilities were constructed Skills & tactics were trained in performers to improve their chances of winning |
