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92 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Sociologists & contributions
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-Asch
-Atkinson -Bogardus -Festinger -McDougall -Mead -Parsons -Pederson -Schachter -Sherif -Sue -Zimbardo |
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Soloman Asch
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-Study on peer conformity
-Had people pick which line measured the same as the other line, but had everyone else in the group say the wrong answer. Most people would say the wrong answer to conform. |
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D.R. Atkinson
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believed counseling was better done with shared experiences then in the traditional way
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Emory S. Bogardus
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-Book: Sociology
-Social group: center of human interaction, creates social change, and is where personalities originate/develop/mature |
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Leon Festinger
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Theory of Social Comparison
-Individuals driven to evaluate own abilities/qualities -Attempt to do so objectively on their own, but will compare to others if this is not successful -People try to choose someone close to them in the questioned ability If the person being compared to is divergent, the evaluation is not stable or not very precise. If the comparison is with someone only moderately different, evaluations of own and others begins to shift |
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William McDougall
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early social psychology influence
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Margaret Mead
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Ones core identity comes from the persons ability to perceive & share the attitudes/definitions of others toward themselves
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Frank Parsons
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-Father of Guidance
-Focus on sociocultural issues, making a way for vocational guidance |
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P.B. Pederson
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-Model: Triad, used to train cross-cultural counselors. Uses role playing
-Fear of indoctrination to the lager culture is a barrier to counseling |
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Stanley Schachter
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Emotions come from a number of events, interacting, and the environment and thought go into them
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Muzafer Sherif
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-Created the visual illusion of the stationary point of light (in a dark room) moving.
-Used it to learn that conformity pressure is subtle and powerful |
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D.W. Sue
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-Termination rate for minorities after first interview is 50% (30% for anglo's)
-getting a broad framework helps, and to be sensitive and not jump to conclusions about mental illness |
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Zimbardo
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Prison study about alteration of ones behavior to fit assigned roles
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Empirical Research Procedures
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-Identification of topic
-Review of relevant literature -Formulation of a hypothesis -Collection and analyzing of the data -Dissemination of the results |
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Research principles
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-Objectivity: This is difficult with family studies because researcher has values from their own family
-Replication: detailed in report,so well that others can replicate it -Reliability: Must be consistent -Validity: It must be accurate, measuring what it says it measures |
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Research Strategies
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Self-report Data:Surveys and interviews
Observational Research: participant or clinical observation Experimental Research: study and control groups Archival and Content Analysis: documents Secondary Analysis of Data:using old data for a new question |
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Social Psychology- Role Theory
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-Framework for human development
-Bee& Mitchell define a role: content of a position or behavioral implications of occupying that position -Roles are culturally defined -Roles require a partner to be complete -individuals have more than one role at one time. |
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Social Psychology- Role integration
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-Individuals fulfill more than one role at a time
-conflict between roles can occur, and an individual may have to choose between competing roles -Appropriate decisions about which roles to occupy at a given time lead to role integration |
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Recognized Roles
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-Age Roles: Development as progress through time frames
-Sex Roles: criticisms of traditional sex roles exist, due to the power/desirability of the mans role. More effective functioning in androgynous roles -Family Roles |
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Recognized Roles- Family Life-cycle Stages
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-young adult
-couples w/o kids -couples w/ kids -families with adolescents -launching phase -families in later life |
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Recognized Roles- Family- Daniel Levinson
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4 stages
-Early Adult Transition (17-22), between pre-adulthood and early adulthood -Age 30 transition (to 33), vague uneasiness, desire for change to make the future worthwhile -Midlife Transition (40-45), bridge between early and middle adulthood -Later adulthood |
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Recognized Roles- Moral development- Carol Gilligan
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-Book: IN a Different Voice
-Alternative to Kohlberg's model -Stage 1: Individual survival/self-interest -Stage 2: Responsibility to others, goodness in self sacrifice -Balance of self-care and other care, nonviolence Girls raised to be nurturing, empathic, concerned |
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Recognized Roles- Work rules
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-Work fills most of a person's life
-people tend to base their personal identities on their work -This fills psychological and social needs |
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Balance Theory
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-Heider, consistency theory
-Looks at the perception of ones relationship between them and two other objects -Elements may be a person or object -Attitudes are either assigned as positive or negative -The goal: assess the triad structure to see if the relationship is balanced -Heider believes balance is when all relationships are positive, or two are negative and one is positive |
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Social Exchange Theory
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-Borrow from economics
-All interaction is an exchange of goods/material/non-material -individuals attempt to maximize profits |
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Congruity Theory
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-Osgood
-A measurement technique that correlates a theory and scaling -Attitudes can be quantified along with an evaluative scale (extremely negative to extremely positive) -There is s tendency for the evaluation of one or both individuals to change, so evaluations are more similar |
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Cognitive Dissonance Theory
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-Dissonance: negative arousal when one's thoughts/actions are inconsistent.
-Assumptions: opposing thoughts/behaviors cause tension (similar to hunger/thirst) Tension causes one to find relief through changing a thought/behavior to make it consistent to the other thoughts are easier to change |
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Teen Pregnancy
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-Physical maturation and sexual awareness occur increasingly earlier
-US has 1 mill teen pregnancies a year -94% of unmarried teen moms keep the baby -50% of those will be pregnant again w/i three years -1 in 10-20 teen boys father -Only 10% of teens marry after pregnancy -high divorce rate -higher chance of mortality for baby's -high parent drop-out rate |
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Aging
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-Average life expectancy: 75
-35% are over 45, soon it will be 50% -Myths: intelligence declines, elderly don't have sex -terminal drop, up to two years before death |
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Grief and Loss
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Grief: normal emotions associated with loss of someone/something where there was a deep emotional bond
Kubler-Ross: Denial, Anger, Bargaining, Depression, Acceptance |
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Disabilities
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-Education For All Handicapped Children Act: education/counseling services for these children
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Abuse
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-Physical, verbal, and/or sexual
-Anyone can be a victim -needs met by rape victim advocacy centers, foster care, parent aid, and family violence shelters |
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Interpersonal Attraction
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-Enhancing attraction: close proximity, physical attraction, and similar beliefs
-Attractive people are assumed to have other positive traits -Sleeper effect: interpersonal influence, diminishing effects of high credibility sources over time |
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4 types of life conflicts
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Approach- Approach: two good options
Approach-Avoidance: one option with good and bad stuff Avoidance-Avoidance: two unpleasant options Double Approach-Avoidance: two options with mixed bad and good |
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Robbers Cave Experiment on Conflict
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-Conflict between in- and out-groups
Conflict causes: -ingroup to think condescendingly of outgroup -Produces loyalty to ingroup and hostility to outgroup -overvaluing performance of ingroup in contrast to outgroup -hostility overcome only by finding themselves in a situation where there is a super-ordinate goal |
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Aggression-social learning
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Believe aggression is learned
-Bandura, Patterson/DeBaryshe/Ramsey, Olweus |
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Aggression-social learning- Bandura
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-Suggests aggression is most influential
-human behavior based on learning through observation of others |
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Aggression-social learning- PattersonDeBaryshe/Ramsey
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-Study of maladaptive social learning in the homes of aggressive children
-found parental use of poor discipline and failure to properly monitor children |
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Aggression-social learning- Olweus
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Factors of child rearing that help create bullies:
-Indifferent attitudes from caregiver to child -Permission of the aggressive behavior -Using physical punishment and asserting power through discipline |
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Aggression-social learning- Economic conditions
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Poor economic conditions positively correlate with aggression
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Frustration/Aggression Theory
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Dollard, Doob, Miller, Mowrer, Sears
-Acts of aggression a result of previous frustration -All frustration leads to aggression, but not all yields aggression, and some aggression seems to stand alone without frustration |
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The Milgram Experments
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-Having subjects "shocking" others under the order of an experimenter
-People do as they are told by legitimate authorities -65% of subjects complied |
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Spirituality
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Personal beliefs about human condition, supreme being, and nature/the univers
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Religion
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Organized set of beliefs
values regarding God Community |
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Client Religion/Spirituality
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These are things to be tapped into for counseling, and are an advantage to the client
Respecting what they believe, and promoting it- and thus their own growth and welfare |
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Intrinsic vs. Extrinsic religiosity
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Griffith and Rotter: believe this should be assessed
-Intrinsic: Religious believe relating to all of life, unprejudiced, tolerant, mature, integrative, unifying, and meaning endowing. Enhances spiritual well-being Extrinsic: Compartmentalized, prejudiced, exclusionary, immature, utilitarian, self-serving. Used as a defense mechanism |
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Leading Cause of Death- Adult
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-Heart Disease
-Cancer -Smoking |
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Leading Cause of Death- Adolescents
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-Accidents (unintentional, often alcohol related)
-Homicide -Suicide |
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Leading Cause of Death- Infants
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-Congenital and chromosomal abnormalities
-Disorders related to short term gestation -SIDS |
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Leading Cause of Death- Durkheim
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-sociological approach to suicide
-3 types: Egoistic, Anomic, Altruistic |
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Family Types
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Traditional nuclear: wife, husband, children
Single-Parent Blended: divorce and remarriage Extended family Augmented: non-relatives, long term guests Shared household: two+ relatives/non-related persons in same house |
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Special Household considerations
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Domestic Partnerships: homosexuals living together
Homeless Persons: temporary, episodic, chronic Intergroup Marriages: Mixed/interracial marriage, less consequences for children if allowed to understand both cultures |
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Homosexual: Family Structure
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-Lower levels of support
-absence of religious/legal bonds and rituals -they highly include the homosexual community -Gender role issues -Relationships more important for lesbians -More frequent sex and multiple partners for homosexual people -family of origin issues |
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Homosexual: Counselor Awareness
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-Assessing resistance of family, and if its mostly because of the attempt to separate from the family or just the orientation
-If AIDS is present, working with the person and family is important -Assessment of how much of the presenting problem is due to issues of orientation -Be aware of: heterosexism, gender free language, knowledge of the gay/lesbian experience, use a consultant, use support networks, understand relevant ethical issues |
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Homosexual: Cultural factors
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-Many people have intense negative feelings, more so than most other behaviors
-Homosexual communities are more visible in the past 20 years, being support for others -8 stages Sensitization Identity Confusion Identity Comparison Identity Tolerance Identity Acceptance First Relationships Identify Commitment and Pride Identity Synthesis |
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Approaches to viewing Culture- Etic/Emic
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Etic: One culture understood in comparison to others, external viewpoint. differences are considered surface deep
Freud and Ellis considered their concepts appropriate for everyone Emic: Culture considered from w/i the system, immersion is needed to understand, and mental health is relative to the culture |
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Approaches to viewing Culture- Autoplastic/Alloplastic
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Autoplastic: Changes in oneself, clients need to change self to deal with external circumstances
Alloplastic: environmental changes, manipulating the outside world to effect change |
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Approaches to viewing Culture- Worldview
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Ibrahim's scales to assess world views
-Human Nature: Good, bad, combination -Social Relationship: Lineal-hierarchical, collateral-Mutual, or individualistic -Nature: Subjugate and control, live in harmony, or accept power and control -Time orientation: Past, Present, or Future -Activity orientation: Being, being-in-becoming, or doing |
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Cross-Cultural Counseling- Culturally competent practice
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-Knowledge of different cultures: own and others life experiences, values, biases, etc. Understanding culturally specific behaviors
-Appropriate environment and community resources for the client. Being relevant, sensitive, respectful, communicating cultural factors -Skills in working with indigenous support systems (medical, spiritual, botanical -Utilization of techniques that bridge the gap between cultures -Using microskills |
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Cross-Cultural Counseling- Legislative influences
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Brown vs. Kansas Board of Education: counseling being relevant to the particular needs of various social groups
Civil Rights act of 1964: prohibits discrimination based on gender, race, religion, or national origin |
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Cross-Cultural Counseling- Multicultural Counseling
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-Fourth force in counseling theory
-uses knowledge and awareness to help with counseling interactions -Clients tend to want a counselor similar to self -Therapeutic surrender: client allows themself to begin with a counselor different from themselves -cultures valuing authority will want direction and homework -the drop out rate is 50% for ethnic minorities |
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Cross-Cultural Counseling- Assessment
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-two types or assessment methodology: structured and unstructured
-some behaviors/beliefs are not pathological when coming from minorities - |
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Cross-Cultural Counseling- Barriers
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-Distinct differences between counselor and client
-Language differences -Class-bound values -culture-bound values |
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Cross-Cultural Counseling- American Indian or Inuit
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-2.4 million in the US
-Honor for a person in what he has done for others not self -eye contact can show lack of respect -high suicide rate -direct naming or a relative may be disrespectful -grandparents are main caregivers and providers for training/discipline -cousins are also "brother and sister" -distinctions are not made between family and married in family -childcare done even by extended family, up to 100 members considered responsible |
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American Indian or Inuit -Counseling issues
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-Reluctance in talking about emotions with strangers
-behavior strategies considered manipulative -non-compliance if not including community or family -silence from clients -issues: substance abuse, family violence, abuse and neglect in children, disloyalty issues (leaving res), low SES level issues -Techniques should be: respectful, patient, home-based, peer supported, cooperation with system, and directive interventions -NOTE: time based on moments, seasons, etc, not on clocks. Time management can be difficult for them. |
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American Indian or Inuit - Spirituality
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-all things have like and spiritual energy, everything is connected and balanced by energy
-Harmony, peaceful alliance with nature |
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-Four Directions:
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Spirit, Nature, Body, Our Universe
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Cross-Cultural Counseling-Black/African American
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-High suicide for adult males
-Infant mortality is higher than others -Feelings of powerlessness perpetuated by the system -growing black middle class moving away from traditional professions -Hypertension is high -sickle-cell anemia high -5 strengths (Hill) -adaptability -strong kinship bonds -strong work orientation -strong religious orientation -strong achievement orientation |
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Black/African American- Family Structure
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-Even extended kin are treated like close family, and expected to help in crisis
-Male identity as provider -Woman: sacrificing, family strength, mother, -Children possibly reared by extended fam -strong racial identity -high ratio of single parent, woman let households -Often care for their own elderly, respect of age - |
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Black/African American- Attitudes to authority
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-Approve of directive, active counselors
-Desire approval of family strengths -Don't like professional jargon -Some powerlessness issues toward authority -Conflict between racial pride and underlying inferiority feelings -Anger toward mothers demands, while absent father not blamed -mens feelings of "castration" by society |
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Black/African American- Counseling Issues
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-Be open to the strong spiritual base
-work with family beliefs -understand kinship with extended family -Problems might be: psychosomatic difficulties, self-esteem, violence, and substance abuse -Suggestions: concrete structured approaches, self-disclosure, spirituality, psycho-educational for social or vocational skills |
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Black/African American- Acculturation
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"we are, therefor I am" - the individual owing existence to the others
American idea is different- I think therefor i am |
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Black/African American- Spirituality
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-Church is a support system, a social place, network, and help in crisis
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Cross-Cultural Counseling- Hispanic Americans
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-Roots in Mexico, Central America, South America, Puerto Rico, and Cuba
-12% of the US population -Largest US minority |
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Hispanic Americans- Family Structure
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-Muchismo and marianism: gender roles
-Latina's expected to live with their parents until married -Childbearing raises status -Extended family important -Men feel pressure as protectors and providers, and may feel useless if unable to do so -Woman expected to stay close to the home, and find support in family |
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Hispanic Americans- Toward Authority
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-High respect, may keep them from speaking up and asserting rights
-obligation and rite of passage for woman to care for elderly parents/relatives -health may include worry about being punished by God or folk healers |
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Hispanic Americans- Counseling Issues
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-Struggle with loyalty to family, conflicting cultural demands, teen pregnancy, and self-esteem in woman
-Suggestions: including family members, deference to father/male authority, inclusion of rituals and metaphors |
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Hispanic Americans- Acculturation
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-Lack or resources cause a cycle of poverty for many Hispanics
-Prejudice and stereotypes can also be a problem |
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Hispanic Americans- Spirituality
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-Majority are Catholic (90% ish)
-Emphasis on spiritual values -sacrifice of material stuff for spiritual goals -Fold healers |
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Cross-Cultural Counseling- Asian Americans
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-Chinese,Filipino, Japanese, Asian Indian, Korean, Vietnamese, Hawaiian, Samoan, Guamanian, Pakistani, Indonesian, and Fiji Islanders
-eye to eye contact may be considered shameful -low physical or verbal expression of love |
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Asian Americans- Family Structure
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-Family unit valued, one as a product of generations of family
-One functions in their role in life -dominant relationship is the parent-child one -Sons favored -extended family expected to help in crisis |
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Asian Americans- Counseling Issues
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-Problem solving techniques more use then feelings based, may feel shame for needing help
-Feeling deference toward counselor possibly -Often assume the family is to blame -Possible problems: generational conflict due to acculturation, socioeconomic issues -Suggestions: Treat elders with respect, help communication, conflict resolution, and connection to resources |
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Asian Americans- Spirituality
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-Often high regard to spiritual organizations
-Family highly effected by religious beliefs |
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Minority Identity Development (MID)
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Sue, Atkinson, Morten
-Conformity: preference given to dominant culture, depreciating own group -Dissonance: cultural confusion -Resistance and immersion: active rejection of dominant culture and desire for re-establishing in own -Introspection: questioning of the influence of two cultures -Synergetic articulation and awareness: adopting a cultural identity, realistic understanding of minority-majority group relationship and issues. |
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Acculturation
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Ethnic groups response to contact with a dominant culture. Acceptance, reforming self, or rejecting parts of the dominent culture
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Assimilation
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When diverse ethnic groups come together to share a common culture, equal opportunities, eventually becoming indistinguishable from one another.
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Culture
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Shaped and learned behavior, shared and passed along within a group. Customs, shared values, attitudes, and beliefs
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Cultural Awareness
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How aware one is of ones own culture. Measured by Multicultural Awareness Continuum. Areas: Self awareness of own culture, awareness of culture, awareness of sexism/racism/poverty, awareness of individual differences, awareness of other culture, awareness of diversity, awareness of skills and techniques
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Culture Epoch Theory
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education must connect to a childs current level of understanding; individualized
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Cultural Pluralism
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coexistance with a dominant culture, maintaining uniqueness while sharing common elements of dominant culture
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Cultural Relativism
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Understanding of people from the framework of its own culture
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Race
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inherited physical characteristics that are represented by a group, distinguished from another
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