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75 Cards in this Set
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the tendency for actors to make external attributions and observers to make internal attributions (assumes behavior bad) |
actor/observer bias |
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considered to be an innate motive that contributes to the initiation and maintenance of interpersonal relationships |
affiliation-stevens & fiske 1995 |
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any behavior intended to harm another person who is motivated to avoid the harm |
aggression |
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when a helper seeks to increase another's welfare and expects nothing in return |
altruistic helping- Batson |
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global evaluations toward some object or issue |
attitude-allport |
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A method of reducing the effectiveness of a persuasive message that is based on the medical model; involves giving the recipient of the message arguments against his/her own position and weak counterarguments (refutations against those arguments). Inoculation has been found to be a particularly effective method for reducing persuasibility. |
attitude inoculation |
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anything that draws two or more people together, making them want to be together and possibly to form a lasting relationship |
attraction |
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cognitive process of assigning meaning to a symptom or behavior |
attribution |
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illusion, caused by very slight movements of the eye, that a stationary point of light in a dark room is moving |
autokinetic effect |
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the idea that relationships among one person (P), the other person (0), and an attitude object (X) may be either balanced or unbalanced |
balance theory {P-0-X theory) |
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he tendency to ignore or underuse base rate information and instead to be influenced by the distinctive features of the case being judged |
base rate fallacy- Kahneman, Slavic, & Tversky, 1982 |
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leads to improved group relationships and long term productivity |
behavior change-lewin |
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an individual's plans to perform the behavior in question -- planned behavior |
behavioral intentions-ajzenajzen PlannedBehavior.pdf |
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belief and understanding occur at the same time. You may then realize that the new belief conflicts with another belief and reject the new belief. Or you may begin to gather data in support of the new belief. |
belief understanding-gilbert |
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modeling aggressive behavior toward the "bobo" doll will lead to aggressive behavior |
bobo doll-bandura |
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the finding that people are less likely to offer help when they are in a group than when they are alone |
bystander effect |
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the proposition that expressing negative emotions produces a healthy release of those emotions and is therefore good for the psyche |
catharsis theory |
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Central traits are characteristics that have a greater impact than others on impression formation. |
central traits |
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a type of learning in which, through repeated pairings, a neutral stimulus comes to evoke a conditioned response |
classical conditioning-pavlov |
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the theory that inconsistencies produce psychological discomfort, leading people to rationalize their behavior or change their attitudes |
cognitive dissonance theory-festinger festingerCognitiveDissonance.docx |
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the study of thought processes, such as how memory works and what people notice |
cognitive psychology-tolman |
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the tendency to notice and search for information that confirms one's beliefs and to ignore information that disconfirms one's beliefs |
confirmation bias |
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going along with the crowd |
conformity-asch |
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the tendency to overestimate the number of other people who share one's opinions, attitudes, values, and beliefs |
consensus effect (false)-Ross |
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the idea that regular interaction between members of different groups reduces prejudice, providing that it occurs under favorable conditions |
contact hypothesis-Allport |
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a sense of anonymity and loss of individuality, as in a large group, making people especially likely to engage in antisocial behaviors such as theft: loss of accountability in the group |
deindividuation-zimbardo |
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leads to improved group relationships and long term productivity |
democratic leadership-Lewin; subsequent studies |
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the reduction in feeling responsible that occurs when others are present |
diffusion of responsibility |
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racial identification |
doll test-clark&clark |
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theory that posits two routes to persuasion, via either conscious or automatic processing ELM |
elaboration likelihood model (ELM) |
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A model of emotion in relationships that proposes that there is an innate mechanism that generates emotion in response to unexpected events that disrupt ongoing sequences of behaviors. |
emotion in relationships-Roseman1.pdf |
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the idea that each person receives benefits in proportion to what he or she contributes |
equity-Bem? |
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concern about how others are evaluating your performance |
evaluation apprehension |
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the tendency to overestimate the number of other people who share one's opinions, attitudes, values, and beliefs |
false consensus effect-Ross |
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proposal that "the occurrence of aggressive behavior always presupposes the existence of frustration," and "the existence of frustration always leads to some form of aggression" frustration blockage of or interference with a personal goal |
frustration-aggression hypothesis |
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the tendency for observers to attribute other people's behavior to internal or dispositional causes and to downplay situational causes |
fundamental attribution error (correspondence bias) -ross |
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The gain-loss effect predicts that liking is related to the pattern rather than the amount of rewards - specifically, people tend to be most attracted to individuals who show increasing liking for them and to be least attracted to individuals who show decreasing liking for them. |
gain-loss effect |
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the assumption that because people have one desirable trait (e.g., attractiveness), they also possess many other desirable traits (e.g., intelligence) |
halo effect-nesbett & wilson |
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Allport specified four conditions for optimal intergroup contact: equal group status within the situation, common goals, intergroup cooperation and authority support. [from Pettigrew 1998] |
intergroup conflict/relations-Allport; pettigrew; Gaertner |
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a cooperative learning technique for reducing feelings of prejudice ; extension of sherif |
jigsaw classroom-aronson |
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belief that one's actions will not bring about desired outcomes, leading one to give up and quit trying |
learned helplessness |
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violence media |
media violence (bobo doll)-bandura |
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the desire to form and maintain close, lasting relationships with other individuals |
need to belong-baumeisterNeedToBelong.pdf |
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Controversial research which evaluated participants' willingness to obey a high-status individual even when doing so seemed to harm another person. |
obedience |
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the tendency for intrinsic motivation to diminish for activities that have become associated with rewards |
over justification effect-Lepper, Greene and Nisbett |
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leads to positive performance, affect, cognition,cohesiveness |
participation-Lewin; subsequent studies |
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improved performance, affect, cognition and health; triplett and subsequent experiments |
people present (with)-Triplett |
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an attempt to change a person's attitude [best when know source, message, and receiver; credibility; trustworthiness] |
persuasion |
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affective; cognitive; conative [contract] attitudes predict behavior when all three taken into account |
planned behavior-ajzen |
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looking to others for cues about how to behave, while they are looking to you; collective misinterpretation if nobody else thinks there is no emergency then there much not be one. |
pluralistic ignorance- Darley and Latané |
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prejudice a negative feeling toward an individual based solely on his or her membership in a particular group |
prejudice |
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Prison simulation study which demonstrated that people alter their behaviors to fit their assigned roles. |
prison study |
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doing something that is good for other people or for society as a whole |
prosocial behavior-batson |
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the idea that people are distressed by loss of freedom or options and seek to reclaim or reassert them |
reactance theory |
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knowledge structures that represent substantial information about a concept, its attributes, and its relationships to other concepts |
schemas-Fiske and Taylor, 1983 |
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mental tricks people use to help them believe things that are false |
self-deception strategies |
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mental tricks people use to help them believe things that are false |
self-deception strategies- Quattrone and Tversky |
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the desire to learn favorable or flattering things about the self |
self-enhancement motive |
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how favorably someone evaluates himself or herself |
self-esteem |
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putting obstacles in the way of one's own performance so that anticipated or possible failure can be blamed on the obstacle instead of on lack of ability |
self-handicapping |
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a set of beliefs about oneself |
self-knowledge (self-concept) |
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the ability to change one's behavior for different situations Self-monitoring refers to the need for and ability to manage the impression that others form of us. High self-monitors are most concerned about their "public self' and, consequently, strive to match their attitudes and behaviors to the situation. In contrast, low self-monitors are guided primarily by their own beliefs and values and attempt to alter the situation to match their "private self." |
self-monitoring |
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the theory that people observe their own behavior to infer what they are thinking and how they are feeling |
self-perception theory |
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any behavior that seeks to convey some image of self or some information about the self to other people |
self-presentation |
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the finding that information bearing on the self is processed more thoroughly and more deeply, and hence remembered better, than other information |
self-reference effect |
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trying to get accurate comparisons rather than self-enhancing |
self-verification theory |
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examining the difference between oneself and another person festinger -- innate |
social comparison-festinger |
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theory that seeks to understand social behavior by analyzing the costs and benefits of interacting with each other; it assumes that sex is a resource that women have and men want |
social exchange theory |
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A theory of attitude change that predicts that we have three "categories of judgment" by which we evaluate persuasive messages - a latitude of acceptance, a latitude of non-commitment, and a latitude of rejection - and that we are most likely to be persuaded when the message is within our latitude of acceptance. |
social judgment theory-Henry Tajfel |
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a type of learning in which people are more likely to imitate behaviors if they have seen others rewarded for performing them, and less likely to imitate behaviors if they have seen others punished for performing them |
social learning (observational learning, imitation, vicarious learning)- bandura |
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coercive; reward; expert; referent; legitimate; informational |
social power |
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Sherifs research at a boy's camp that demonstrated that the most effective way to reduce intergroup hostility is having the members of the groups cooperate to achieve a mutual (superordinate) goal. |
superordinate goals-sherif |
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A theory about current, less blatant forms of racism that reflect a combination of anti-African-American attitudes, strong support for traditional American values (e.g., the work ethic), and a belief that African-Americans violate those values. |
symbolic racism |
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proposes that once the mind draws a conclusion, it tends to stick with that conclusion unless there is overwhelming evidence to change it (firefigters then more write ups or not supporting theory) |
theory perseverance-anderson & ross |
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a tendency to experience automatic, intrusive thoughts about a goal whose pursuit has been interrupted |
Zeigarnik effect |
