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23 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Threats to effective parenting 1-3
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Clinical depression: post partum, general
Substance abuse: focus on drugs not child Poverty: no access to good treatment of child |
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Threats to effective parenting 4-6
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Childhood history of maltreatment
Unplanned pregnancy: insecure attachment not interested Poor marital relationship: partner unsupportive, conflict removes good care |
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Experimental evidence of parenting causing attachment style (infant care intervention studies)
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One received parent training the other received mothers who just got info
Babies who just got info: insecure attachment Training: half had insecure attachment What role temperament plays Fearful vs fearless infants Fearful: created anxious attachment (more likely) Fearless: created avoidant attachment Temperament is the moderator not driver |
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Do infants only form attachment with mothers?
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Fathers: involved as a play mate but not in basic care, become the preferred playmate by the infant
- can be equally as caring when caring for child Secure attachment typical, promotes emotional regulation, social competence, aids secure mother attachment, compensates for insecure |
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STUDY using clowns and insecure and secure attachment to test parental relationships
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Brought insecure and secure into room with a clown. Usually either approach or avoid with clowns
- extent to which infants were socially responsive to clowns. Infants showed most emotional responsiveness when secure with both parents but having a secure relationship with one can buffer any fear effects that being insecure can have |
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Good father or good second parent?
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lesbians, form good attachment with children
one is highly engaged with infant, but second mothers aren't as playful, they're more warm. in general having two parents is better than one. |
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Why does security of attachment matter? (internal working models)
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Internal working models
- representations of self and others in social relationships (Are others trustworthy, am I lovable?) These are cognitive schemas that affect social information processing |
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Long term strange situation study with puppets and older children attachment styles
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Toddlers brought into lab who had strange situation assessment
two years later they came in and saw some puppets then came back a few weeks later and interviewed them about the puppet. Secure: remembered more positive than negative Insecure: remembered more negative than positive |
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Any lasting benefits of security? 2 to 4 years
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Better problem solving
more emotionally competent Sophisticated play More positive emotion More playmate |
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Any lasting benefits of security? Childhood
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Higher scores on cognitive tests
More popular Socially competent Higher empathy Fewer emotional and behavior problems |
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Any lasting benefits of security?Adolescence
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More attentive
Better grades Socially skilled Less conflict Fewer emotional and behavioral problems |
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Adolescence a reported on how much they were prosocial and empathetic STUDY
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When 13 and a half they filled out measures of attachment and found a:
balance connective score: sense of being attached to family but also independent by themselves. Parental knowledge: stopped being significant Parental engagement and psychological control: completely accounted for by Psychological attachment engagement |
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Attachment stable over time?
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Stability of attachment is about .30 significant but not a huge predictor
Working models are flexible, shaped by life experiences especially Ongoing parenting and future relationships |
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How secure vs. insecure systems work for changing attachment types
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People are more likely to go from insecure to secure, easier to get better than worse
Secure is a buffer and a resistance, like a shield for dealing with life Children with insecure, as good things happen (now sees good things at home) can have attachment transformed |
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GG(oxytocin) and attachment relationships study
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Looking at individuals who had been assessed as children and their later romantic relationships.
This attachment was moderated by their oxytocin receptors They only found stability in people over childhood, adolescence and adulthood with those who had the GG gene (good oxytocin) Gg is linked to efficient linked to better social functioning may learn primary attachment better and may seek consistent relationships overtime |
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Threats to developing attachment relationships (daycare)
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No, not if it's a high quality care. Attentive and many resources for infant
Positive parent work attitude Effective parenting with infant Possibly if care starts early after infancy |
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Threats to developing attachment relationships (social deprivation) (romanian children)
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yes, institutionalizations crowd orphanges
Studies of romanian adopted children Reactive attachment disorder: pattern of social and emotional characteristics that treat the home as bad and good Social emotional cognitive and physiological effects Longer duration and stronger and long lasting A lot of the kids adopted after 24 months had issues with problems in cortisol and oxytocin as well |
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Parent effects and child effects (bidirectional and family systems theory)
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Bidirectional: Kids influence kids and kids influence their parents
Family systems theory: everyone exists in a complicated system with multiple relationships, influenced by marriage and family therapists |
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Dimensions of parenting styles
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Authoritative: Most parents balance being responsive and having a level of expectations and rules in the home.
Authoritarian: strict disciplinarians, low warmth, high responsiveness Permissive: high warmth low responsiveness Neglectful: nothing |
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Children of authoritative parents do better and how the others act
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Better emotional relation, confidence, etc. positive outcomes are all associated in authoritative
Authoritarian parenting associated with more anxious, aggressive, poor social skills, and bad academics. As well as bad self regulation Permissive parents have no self control, social skills, aggressive, drugs Uninvolved more aggression and external using problems, delinquency, moodier, impulsive |
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What got children in trouble with the law and the transactional process
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Usually a bad home life, coercive cycle of parent child interaction.
Coercive > negative > tantrum > harsh > furious > surrender > calmed Reinforces maladaptive things Transactional process: children and parents change each over time Authoritarian difficult preschoolers might become permissive or neglectful delinquent teenagers |
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Physical punishment (spanking)
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Most parents do it, more than 50% do it
Often stops provoking behavior Short term reinforcement comes with a long term cost |
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Fragile Family study (effects of spanking)
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Maternal spanking predicted external using negative behavior, an aggressive child will get more aggressive, very emotional children will be spanked, externalizing problems will lead to spanking
Spanking Parenting at age 1 still hurt children Being poor is not good, being wealthy is not better. Kids of wealthy parents more neglectful and can show higher amounts of problems than impoverished kids. |
