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20 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Parental socialization of gender
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from parents to infants: girls closer more affectionate relational from parents, which supports a movement into gender typed behavior
from parents to childhood: reinforce gender type play, discourage cross gender play, encourage boys physicality and individualism, more limiting towards girls, more praising of boys ethnicity: european more encouraging than hispanic, african american more encouraging than european all stronger when parents hold more stereotyped beliefs punishment: more punitive of boys |
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gender stereotyped parents cause their kids to hold these stereotypes a lot stronger STUDY
(Importance of parent's gender typed beliefs) |
gender stereotyped parents cause their kids to hold these stereotypes a lot stronger
"these problems are hard, vs. try your best" 5-7 yea old girls: math performance suffered when they were reminded of stereotype when mothers don't hold stereotype beliefs and don't tell them what they can and can't do, they seem to hold less influences from external influences about what they can and can't do. |
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Are we getting past gender?
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Androgyny and changing activities
masculinity and femininity as 2 dimensions high in femininity low in maculinity = feminine low in feminine, low in masculine = undifferentiated high feminine, high in masculine = androgyny 1970:s 30% college students endorse adrogyny 1990s: 45% of college women endorsed androgynous characteristics, women compraised 50% of high power high achieving fields. |
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Oswald bem sex role validity (and study)
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college students perceive bsri items very differently
men and women converge over lifespan in masculinity and femininity in women women describe themselves as less feminine with age, men describe themselves as more feminine with age (decrease stronger for women without mental health) Alpha: extraverted and traditional/socially conservative show no increase in femininity Delta: intraverted, socially progressive and non normative showed an increase in femininity |
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Advantages of androgyny
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Being scored high in androgyny:
adults have flexible thinking, and are adaptable to varying situations children have greater self esteem and being likeable only true if androgyny stems from positive traits |
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egan and perry: judgements about gender identity
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feel typical, content, and feel free to explore options of gender, seem to do best when it comes to positive adaptive outcomes
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siblings
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80% of children have at least one sibling
most spend more time with siblings than anyone else |
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Research on siblings
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first born children - adult oriented, helpful, self controlled (helpful, cooperative, self controlled, less likely to engage in risk taking behavior)
later-born - less fearful and anxious and have more self confidence and social poise than their first born siblings only children - high achievers, personal control, maturity, and leadership introducing a second child completely changes lifestyle of the first child Not a strong find |
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meta analysis
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older brother predicts more traditional masculinity in younger siblings
having an older sister is unrelated to femininity |
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Birth order and sibling interactions
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older siblings often act as caregivers, and teachers
older siblings can serve as resources for their younger siblings in times of stress but older siblings not always positive |
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associations between friendship and sibling quality
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low friendship and low sibling quality report aggressive disruptive behavior
sibling conflict predicts increases in aggressive behavior, but sibling aggression does not how are the kids reacting vs. the behavior |
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sibling relationship over time
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sibling relationships change as they grow older:
when they reach adolescents they become much more alike (less competitive about trying to get parents to attend to them) allows intimacy to increase |
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quality of sibling relationship
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affects mental and physical health, social functioning, and general well being
evidence across lifespan indicates importance of sibling relationship; source of support during times of stress siblings are important at an early age: when second child arrives, everything changes for first born child: antagonism, play, socialization, teaching, etc. |
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Middle childhood
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Middle childhood:
relationships become more egalitarian: decrease in dominance by older, increase in power by younger (as a result intensity and frequency of conflict goes up) evidence for continuity, also for change increase in closeness and conflict little change in affection, but decline in companionship |
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Adolescence
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sibling influences on acquisition of competent and problem behaviors
- academic achievement and social support - delinquent and alcohol use relationships vary: hostility and warmth: ambivalent: not a lot of conflict not a lot of warmth enmeshed: very high in warmth and hostility |
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what effects do siblings have on development? (study)
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do siblings shape identity development?
identity exploration vs commitment exploration: how far have they looked and found themselves commitment: how committed are they to their choices older/earlier born younger/later born same sex/opposite sex (differentiating age from order born) sibling identification vs. differentiation more mature identity formation linked to: birth order: being early born birth proximity: having sibling close in age gender parenting: have same sex sibling Why? earlier born: likely to focus on parents as who to imitate closeness relationship quality is higher for same sex sibling ppairs (they play similarly) this does not show identity or differentiation |
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siblings have a limited role in shaping identity commitment (study)
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all variables are significant with each other
individual continuity over time: those further in exploration and commitment tend to stay that way where does commitment of one sibling predict commitment of a later sibling? later born youths with a same sex sibling had deeper commitment to school or work identity in wave 2 to 3, if you're sibling did too little evidence for youths developing identity commitment being influenced by their siblings earlier levels of identity |
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Same study for model of exploration
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identity exploration significantly predicted identity exploration for all youths except earlier born siblings with same sex siblings (wave 1 to 2)
the extent to which your younger sibling is engaged in exploration doesn't shape your own older born siblings don't emulate younger siblings later born youths with a same sex sibling had deeper exploration of school or work identity (wave 2 to 3) |
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All associations of previous studies predict identification
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younger/later born siblings identity development more subject to influence than older/later born siblings, especially if same sex.
power, status: role models to be imitated |
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do most of us become like our older brothers and sisters (are siblings not interested in differentiated themselves?)
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identification stronger with increasing difference.
middle child syndrome. content of identity exploration and commitment closer to age the more similar, farther in age the less similar |
