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50 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Counseling a client from a different social and/or cultural background is known as:
a. cross-cultural counseling b. culticultural counseling c. intercultural counseling d. all of the above |
(d) all words are roughly synonymous; cultural pluralism can also be used in an identical manner
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Culture refers to
a. customs shared by a group which distinguished it from other groups b. values shared by a group that are learned from others in the group c. attitudes, beliefs. art. and language which characterize members of a group d. all of the above |
(d) the sum of the choices add up to a great definition of culture
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Our culture is more diverse than in the past. Multicultural counselors often work with persons who are culturally different. This means the client
a. is culturally biased b. suffers from the diagnosis of cultural relativity c. belongs to a different culture from the helper d. presents problems which deal only with culturally charged issues |
(c) multicultural counselors work with the entire range of human difficulties just like other counselors; they must assess the client's behavior based on the client's own culture--not merely based on the counselor's culture
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In order to diagnose clients from a different culture
a. the counselor ideally will need some information regarding the specific of the culture b. the counselor will find the DSM useless c. the counselor will find the ICD diagnosis useless d. NBCC ethics prohibit the use of DSM diagnosis when counseling clients from another culture |
(a) The current trend in counseling suggests that the counselor must understand cultural factors
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In the United States, each socioeconomic group represents
a. a separate race b. a separate culture c. the silent middle class d. a separate national culture |
(b) Race is based on genetic origin; national culture is a term used to describe the cultural patterns common to a given country
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Which therapist was not instrumental in the early years of the social psychology movement?
a. Freud b. Durkheim c. McDougall d. Berne |
(d) Eric Berne, the Father of Transactional Analysis si the only answer that makes sense
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_____ and _____ would say that regardless of culture, humans have an instinct to fight.
a. Maslow; Rogers b. Ellis; Harper c. Freud; Lorenz d. Glasser; Rogers |
(c) Freud believed that man was basically driven by the instincts of sex and agression.
Lorenz is another believer in "innate aggression theory" |
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___ believes taht aggression is learned. Thus, a child who witnesses aggressive behavior in adults may imitate the agressive behaviors
a. Instinct theorists b. Innate aggression theorists c. Social learning theorists d. Followers of Erik Erikson |
(c) Social learning theory (Albert Bandura) emphasizes the environment rather than genetics or inborn tendencies
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The APGA, which became the AACD until 1992 adn is now the ACA, contributed to the growth of cross-cultural counseling by
a. the 1972 formation of the Association for Non-White Concerns in Personnel and Guidance, later known as the Association for Multicultural Counseling and Development b. the 1972 ethic which made it unethical to see culturally different clients without three hours of relevant graduate work in this area c. the 1972 ethic which required 3,000-hour practicum in order to work with culturally different clients d. urging nonwhites to take graduate counseling courses |
(a) The Civil Rights Act of 1964, prohibiting discrimination for reasons of gender, race, religion, or national origin was instrumental in terms of setting the stage for minority concerns
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Daniel Levinson proposed a theory with several major life transitions. He
a. is the Father of Multicultural Counseling b. wrote the 1978 classic Seasons of a Man's Life and teh sequel Seasons of a Woman's Life in 1997 c. postualted a midlife crisis from men between ages 40-45 and for women approximately five years earlier d. b and c |
(d) Subsequent research indicates taht Levinson's theory of a midlife crisis for men or for women doeasn't really hold water. Levinson's theory suggested three major transitions (early adult transition, age 30 transition, and later adulthood) and provides no statistical analysis
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The three factors which enhance itnerpersonal attraction are
a. assertiveness, anxiety, ego strength b. close proximity, physical attraction, similar beliefs c. culture, race, assertiveness d. ego strength, anxiety, race |
(b) Social psychologists refer to the tendency for people who are in close poximity to be attracted to each other as propinquity. Research shows we generally end up with mates who are on our own level of attractiveness.
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The term contextualism implies that
a. multicultural counseling is the oldest subspecialty in the profession b. behavior must be assessed in the ocntext of the culture in which the behavior occurs c. the notion of worldview is highly inaccurate d. projective tests are more accurate than objective measures when performing cross-cultural counseling |
(b) Choice b is the testbook definition of contextualism
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Carol Gilligan was critical of Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral development
a. as she felt it was too psychoanalytic b. as she felt it was too behavioristic c. as she felt is was not applicable to African Americans d. as she felt is was more applicable ot males than females |
(d) According to Gilligan, Kohlberg's theory did not delineate the fact that women place more emphasis on caregiving and personal responsibility than do men, who focus more on individual rights and justice
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___ helped the abet the multicultural counseling movement.
a. Arthur Jensen's view on IQ testing (also known as Jensenism) b. The civil rights movement c. Jung's feeling that all men and women from all cultures possess a collective unconscious d. The Tarasoff Duty |
(b)
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When a counselor speaks of a probable outcome in a case, he or she is technically referring to
a. the prognosis b. the diagnosis c. the intervention d. attending behavior |
(a) Prognosis refers to the probability that one can recover from a condition
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When a counselor speaks of what he or she believes must transpire from a psychotherapeutic standpoint, he or she is technically referring to
a. recommendations b. the diagnosis c. the prognosis d. the notion of transference |
(a) a diagnosis does not imply or recommend a given treatmetn process
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Some research suggests taht very poor economic conditions correlate very highly with
a. passivity b. nonassertive behavior c. a and b d. agression |
(d) Research indicates that in the late 1800s and the first 30 years of the 20th century lynchings in th eSouth decreased as cotton prices dropped
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A wealth of reseach demonstrates that
a. surprisingly enough, African Americans generally request Asian counselors b. surprisingly enough, Asians generally request African American counselors c. in most instances, cleints prefer a counselor of the same race adn a similar cultural bakcground d. in most instances, clients prefer a counselor of the same race, yet different culture |
(c) In multicultural counseling, "likes attract"
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The frustration-aggression theory is associated with
a. Albert Ellis b. Robert Havighurst, who created the idea of the developmental task concept c. Eric Berne, the creator of transactional analysis (TA) d. John Dollard and Neal Miller |
(d) Frustration occurs when an individual is blocked so that he or she cannot reach an intended goal. The Dollard/Miller hypothesis asserts taht frustration leads to aggression.
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A popular balance theory in social psychology is ____ cognitive dissonance theory.
a. Dollard and Miller;s b. Crites and Roe's c. Festinger's d. Holland and Super's |
(c) choices b and d are primarily associated with the career counseling movement.
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Culture is really as set of rules, procedures, ideas, and values shared by members of a society. Culture is said to be normative. This implies
a. one culture will have norms which differ only slightly from another b. culture excludes customs c. culture provies indviduals with standards of conduct d. culture is never socially learned |
(c)
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A statistical norm measures actual conduct, while a cultural norm
a. describes how people are suppoesd to act b. has little to do with expectations c. is irrelevant when counseling a client d. all of the above |
(a) A statistical norm measures actual conduct, while a cultural norm describes the expectations of how one should act
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Mores are beliefs
a. regarding the rightness or wrongness of behavior b. which should be the central focus in multicultiral counseling c. that are conscious decisions made by persons in power d. that are identical with teh folkways in the culture |
(a) Mores are behaviors that are based on morals
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___ was the first pioneer to focus heavily on sociocultural issues
a. Mark Savickas-a major figure in career counseling b. Alfred Adler-the Father of Individual Psychology c. Maxie Maultsby-the Father of Rational Behavior Therapy d. Frank Parsons-The Father of Guidance, who wrote Choosing a Vocation |
(d) Frank Parsons and associates are considered the first social reformers concerned with guidance in the United States
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A counselor who is part of a research study will be counseling clients in the Polar Regions and then at a point near the equator. Her primary concern will be
a. universal culture b. national culture c. ecological culture d. b and c |
(d) Ecological culture implies taht cultural norms are often the result of practical adn survival behaviors related to the climate or the resources in a given physical or geological environment.
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Biological similarities and sameness are indicated by
a. ecological culture b. mores c. regional and national culture d. universal culture |
The Human Genome Project has verified that biologically counselors will always keep in mind taht he or she, like the client, is a product of universal culture
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Early vocalization in infants
a. is more complex in African-American babies b. is more complex in Caucasion babies c. is nearly identical ina ll cultures around the globe d. is the finest indicator of elementary school performance |
(c) From one side of the globe to the other, the initial sounds made by babies are very similar. The cultural environment then strengthens certain verbalizations via the process of reinforcement
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In the 1920s, Emory Bogardus developed a social distance scale which evaluated
a. socioeconomic trends b. how an individual felt toward other ethnic groups c. disadvantaged youth d. language barriers between Blacks and Asians |
(b) The Bogardus data were indicative of negative attitudes toward a number of groups, including Blacks, Jews, Mexicans, and Turks.
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According to the foot-in-the-door technique, which has two distinct steps, a counselor who needs to make a home visit to a resistant client's home
a. should conduct the interview from the porch b. should double-blind the client c. should ask to come in the house d. shoudl exude accurate empathy, but never ask to enter the home |
(c) The phenomenon asserts that when a person agrees to a less repugnant request, then he or she will be more likely to comply with a request which is even more distasteful.
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Most countries have an official language, a stated viewpoint, and a central government. This is reflected mainly by
a. national culture b. human culture c. regional culture d. ecological culture |
(a)
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Whereas a culture is defined primarily via norms adn values, a society differs from a culture in that a society
a. is defined as a set of norms b. has a distinct lack of norms c. is a self=perpetuating independent group which occupies a definitive territory d. none of the above |
(c) The boundaries of a culture and a society are not the same. Cultures operate within societies; however, all members of a given society amy not share the same culture
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Ethnocentrism
a. uses one's own culture as a yardstick to measure all others b. means race c. is a genetic term d. all of the above |
(a) Ethonocentrism conveys the notion that one's own group is superior
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All of these statements are ethnocentric except
a. you can't trust anyone over the age of 40 b. Americans are generous c. Blue-collar workers are mean and selfish d. the Gross Domestic Product of the U.S. exceeds the figures in Mexico |
(d) Ethnocentrism is based on opinion while choice d is fact.
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Ethonocentrism
a. is not universal b. promotes a sense of patriotism and national sovereignty c. promotes stability and pride, yet danger in the nuclear age d. both b and c |
(d)Ethonocentrism is truly a universal phenomenon in which the ethnic group tries to prove it is superior
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Regardless of culture, the popular individual
a. has good social skills b. values race over ethnicity c. dresses in the latest styles d. never possesses a modal personality |
(a) A modal personality is the presonality which is characteristic or typical of the group in question, so a is the best answer
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Social exchange theory postulates that
a. a relationship will endure if both parties are assertive b. a relationship will endure if the rewards are greater than the costs c. a relationship will endure if both parties are sexually attracted to each other d. men work harder to keep a relationship strong |
(b) Social exchange theory assumes that rewards are things or factors we like, while costs are things we dislike. It assumes taht a positive relationship is cahracterized by "profit": reward minus cost equals profit
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Balance theory postulates
a. a move from cognitive consistency to inconsistency b. a move from cognitive inconsistency to consistency c. a tendency to achieve a balanced cognitive state d. b and c |
(d) Inconsistent thoughts are often referred to as dissonance and the individual will attempt to change
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Most individuals believe that people whom they perceive as attractive
a. are nonassertive b. are aggressive c.have other positive traits d. are socially adept but not very intelligent |
(c) This can cause the professional counselor difficulty if he or she tends to minimize a client's problems merely because he or she is good-looking
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A counselor who works primarily with a geriatric population needs to be aware that
a. African-American counselors make the best client b. Native Americans do not believe in cognitive interventions c. surprisingly enough, attractiveness is a fine predictor of retirement adjustment d. surprisingly enough, financial security and health are the best predictors of retirement adjustment |
(d) People of old age may experience longer periods of unemployment than folks who are under 40
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Most experts would agree that a multicultural counselor's diagnosis
a. must be performed without regard to cultural issues b. must be done within a cultural context c. a and b d. none of the above |
The "cultural approach to normality" suggests that the behavior of the majority of the people defines what is considered "normal"
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A counselor who is seeing a client from a different culture would most likely expect ____ social conformity than he or she would from a client from his or her own culture
a. less b. more c. the same d. more realistic |
(a) We demand mroe rigid standards from our own culture
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In terms of diagnosis,
a. a client's behavior could be sane and appropriate in one culture, yet disturbed and bizarre in another b. culture is irrelevant in children under 14 c. culture is an issue with males, but not with females d. culture is an issue with females, but not with males |
(a) Behavior in one culture cannot be judged by that which is considered normal in another culture
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In the United States, a frequent practice is to see a perfect stranger for therapy.
a. This trend seems to be true in any area of the worls b. This is true for LPCs but not true for MSW therapists c. This is true for LPCs and MSWs but not clinical psychologists d. However, in other cultures it would not be the norm to see a stranger and receive pay for providing help |
(d)
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According to the cognitive dissonace theory of Leon Festinger, a man who buys a $20,000 platinum watch would most likely
a. feel intense guilt b. read test reports after the purchase to justify his behavior c. harbor severe hatred regarding his mother d. harbor severe hatred regarding his father |
(b) b best expresses the tendency to justify behavior to create a state of "consonance" (harmony) between attitudes and behavior
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A woman who is being robbed
a. would probably get the most assistance in a crowd with a large number of bystanders b. would find that the number of people who would respond to her distress actually decreases as the number of bystanders increases c. would rarely have a bystander from a differenct race try to her her d. none of the above |
(b) The number of people who will help a victim in distress decreases, and the time it will take to intervene increases, as the number of bystanders increases
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A counselor reading this book says, "I couldn't care less about passing the NCE or licensing exam." This
a. is displacement b. is an attempt to reduce dissonance via consistent cognitions c. is an attempt to reduce dissonance by denial, thus minimizing tension d. is projection |
(c)
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The statement, "Even though my car is old and doesn't run well, it sure keeps my insurance payments low,"
a. is displacement b. is an attempt to reduce dissonance via consistent cognitions c. is projection d. would never reduce dissonace in an individual |
(b) this could also be described as the "sweet lemom" variety of rationalization
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In the case of the individual who purchased teh $20,000 watch, cognitive dissonance theory postulates that
a. he or she might ignore positive information regarding other models and secure a lot of information regarding the $20,000 b. he or she might sell the $20,000 watch immediately following the purchase c. he or she might focus heavily on negative information regarding rival models d. a and c |
(d) Cognitive dissonance theory predicts that the person will look for things which are consitent with his or her behavior
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In the United States, middle- and upper-class citizens seem to want a counselor who
a. will give them "a good talking to" b. gives a specific and steady stream of advice c. helps them work it out on their own d. is highly authoritarian and autocratic |
(c) The theory here is that middle- and upper-class citizens are taught that independence is a virtue
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In a traditional culture which places a high premium on authority figures,
a. passivity on the part of the counselor would be viewed in a negative manner b. a client would be disappointed if he or she did not receive advice c. assigning homework and teaching on the part of the counselor would be appropriate d. all of the above |
An active-directive model works best with persons who respond well to an authority figure
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