Social Analysis 34 - Lecture Notes 2

Front 1

What two things does vocal production involve?

Back 1

1. Source, (super laryngeal vocal tract)
2. Filter, (source-filter model)

Front 2

What is a smile universal for happiness?

Back 2

It has the fundamental effect of raising the frequency of your voice; sticking out the lips makes the overall tube shorter

Front 3

What types of sounds are vowels, for the most part?

Back 3

Periodic sounds; vibrate with a periodic frequency and use width of the aperture and length to modify;

Front 4

What types of sounds are consonants?

Back 4

Aperiodic sounds

Front 5

What is a passive articulator?

Back 5

Top of the mouth is used

Front 6

What is an active articulator?

Back 6

Blade of the tongue is used

Front 7

What are laterals?

Back 7

Air goes through sides of tongue

Front 8

What are taps/flaps?

Back 8

Very rapid striking of the tongue against the alveolar ridge; ex: the word, "Adam"

Front 9

What are oronyms?

Back 9

Homophones at the phrasal level?

Ex: "We'll earn" and "we learn"

Front 10

How do languages select words for lexicon?

Back 10

Minimize homonyms and minimize oronyms

Front 11

What are allophones?

Back 11

PHones that have been classified as belonging to the same class; allophones if they occur in complementary distribution

Ex: [p^h] and [p] are allophones of /p/ in English

Front 12

What is phonetic predictability?

Back 12

Sounds are predictable if we know what sounds will occur based on the sounds that precede or follow it

Front 13

What is phonetic unpredictability?

Back 13

Words different in only one sounds; sounds occur in the exact same environment

Front 14

What is complementary distribution?

Back 14

Two variants of the same segment never occur in the same environment; their distribution is predictable and does not affect the meaning

Ex: [p^h] and [p] occur in complementary distribution

Front 15

What is free variation?

Back 15

Two variants of the same segment occur in alternation

Ex: Tomato/Tomato

Front 16

What is contrasted distribution?

Back 16

Sounds that are distributed in a way that distinguishes one word from another; differentiated by minimal pairs

Ex: skill, spill, and still

Ex: skill

Front 17

What is the difference between // and []

Back 17

// mean different phonemes; [] mean different allophones

Front 18

Do all languages have syllables?

Back 18

Yes

Front 19

What do all consonant inventories have?

Back 19

Voiceless stops

Front 20

What language does not have [t]?

Back 20

Hawaiian, so when borrow words with [t], they replace it with [k]

Front 21

What vowels do three-vowel systems have?

Back 21

/i/, /a/, and /u/

Front 22

Are there any languages that lack /i/, /a/, and /u/?

Back 22

Yes; Classical Arabic, Quechua,Aleut, and many Australian languages do

Front 23

How were Malagasi's phonemes created?

Back 23

Vowels created by English; consonants created by French

Front 24

What is the maximum number of vowels in a language?

Back 24

No

Front 25

What types of vowels are rounded?

Back 25

Back vowels; front vowels are unrounded

Front 26

What is the consonant or string of consonants before the vowel called?

Back 26

Onset

Front 27

What is the consonant or string of consonants after the vowel called?

Back 27

Coda

Front 28

Can a syllable consist of solely a vowel?

Back 28

Yes; Ex: Oh

Front 29

What evidence is there from adults that syllables are psychologically real?

Back 29

1. Form the basis of rhyming
2. Pig Latin and language games
3. Foreign speak, motherese

Front 30

What evidence is there from children that syllables are psychologically real?

Back 30

1. Early production: syllables are always correct
2. Start with producing stressed syllables
3. Syllabification in the lab: when syllable were wrong, babies were upset as measured by preferential looking

Front 31

What is polysynthesis?

Back 31

One word stands for an entire sentence.

Front 32

Give examples of words that are one morpheme.

Back 32

class, study, test, for, not, then, and

Front 33

Give examples of words that are more than one morpheme long.

Back 33

bi-direct-ion-al, under-current-s

Front 34

What are bound morphemes?

Back 34

Cannot stand on their own

Front 35

What are the two types of bound morphemes.

Back 35

1. Directional - morphemes that change the word category, or meaning of the word they attach to
2. Inflectional - never change the word category; may change the meaning

Front 36

Give examples of directional bound morphemes.

Back 36

"-ly" (converts slow to slowly)
"-ize" (converts energy to energize)
"un-" (changes invite to uninvite)

Front 37

Give examples of inflectional bound morphemes.

Back 37

"-s" plural and possessive
"-ed"
"-ing"
"-en"
"-er"

Front 38

Where is gender agreement manifested?

Back 38

Determiner
Adjective
Verb

Front 39

What are the way gender is defined?

Back 39

Semantically determined
Formally determined

Front 40

Give examples of semantically determined gender systems.

Back 40

Dravidian languages (India):
- Masculine: male supernatural/human
- Feminine: female supernatural/human
- Neuter: everything else

Halkomelen (Salish, near Vancouver)
- Females & diminutives
- Everything else

Front 41

Give ways formally-determined gender is defined.

Back 41

Endings, initial segments, syllable count

Front 42

Are formally-determined gender systems completely arbitrary?

Back 42

No

Front 43

Give examples of languages that determine gender based on initial segments.

Back 43

Banut languages; Northeast Caucasian languages

Front 44

Give an example of a language that defines class based on the number of syllables.

Back 44

Romanian

Front 45

What are 3 functions of gender?

Back 45

1. Categorization tool
2. Mechanism of lexical access: partitioning the nouns into subclasses makes it easier to find one
3. Reference tracking device: knowing which discourse entity is being talked about

Front 46

Were subjects slower to name a picture when distracted by a word of the different gender?

Back 46

Yes

Front 47

Which referents have an advantage in pronoun resolution?

Back 47

The first referents

Front 48

Does gender in L1 help learning gender in L2, L3, etc.?

Back 48

Yes

Front 49

What is infinite recursion?

Back 49

Continuation of possessives; unique to humans

Ex: My fathers neighbor's best friend's dog

Front 50

What is the arbitrary association between a string of sounds and a meaning called?

Back 50

Symbolic reference; unique to humans

Front 51

Is symbolic reference unique to humans?

Back 51

Yes; animals have a referent in front of them

Front 52

What is a prerequisite to symbolic reference?

Back 52

Predication

Front 53

What language and cognition necessarily in synch?

Back 53

No

Front 54

What is a prerequisite to symbolic reference?

Back 54

Predication

Front 55

What are the 4 principles of morphology?

Back 55

1. Agglutination: combing different morphemes into words; can clearly see boundaries
2. Inflection
3. Isolating morphology: each word has its own meaning
4. Polysynthetic language: a word = a sentence

Front 56

What is typically the word order of isolating morphology?

Back 56

SVO

Front 57

Do any creoles have tone?

Back 57

No; the use of tone is a sign of de-creolization

Front 58

Why do English and Mandarin differ in the use of center-embedding?

Back 58

Mandarin has a head-final arrangement of relative clause and head noun, which allows its speakers to tolerate center-embedding

Front 59

What are the 3 basic cognitive constraints when we hear language?

Back 59

1. Access storage
2. Retrieval
3. Integration

Front 60

What cognitive aspect(s) misfunctions in aphasia?

Back 60

Retrieval or integration

Front 61

Do written languages change more slowly or more rapidly?

Back 61

More slowly

Front 62

Are native speakers more tolerant of resumptive pronouns in spoken language or written language?

Back 62

Written language