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135 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Is there a correlation between language complexity and the presence of a writing system?
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No
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Is there a correlation between the complexity of a language and a writing system?
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No
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Why are writing systems often selected?
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Non-linguistic reasons, such as chance or politics
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Give examples of consonantal writing systems.
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Arabic and Hebrew; English-speaking children consistently miss vowels
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What was the first serious alphabet?
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Proto-Cananaite in the Middle East around 1800 BC
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What is Natick?
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A language spoken near Boston before the Pilgrims arrived; language of first North American Bible; also known as Wampanoag
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What is a pidgin?
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A semi-artificial language that develops out of necessity to communicate; often arises in more unfortunate conditions
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What is a Creole?
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Language previously with limited vocabulary and grammar until children begin to adopt it as their first language
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What are two examples of languages that were revived.
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1. Hebrew
2. Natick/Wampanoag |
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What are systematic languages?
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Languages that came from the same source
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What are 3 reasons for similarities among languages?
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1. Borrowing
2. Chance 3. Common Ancestry |
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What family does English belong to?
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Indo-European family; (German is a branch inside the Indo-European family)
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Who are sliptters?
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People that assume languages are unrelated until proven otherwise
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Who are lumpers?
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People who readily group languages together
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Give three examples of isolate languages
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1. Basque
2. Korean 3. Japanese |
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Do writing systems show genetic relationships?
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No; show cultural contact
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By what percentage do cognates have to overlap in order to be considered the same language?
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70%
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Are Tok PIsin and Bislama the same language as English?
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Using cognates, yes; using historical criteria, they are off-shots of English
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Why were creole and pidgin categories introduced?
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Cognate overlap is not always a reliable determinant
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If this type of word is shared by a language, it indicates close contact.
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Counting words
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What word order does the Indo-European family use?
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SVO, (except for Celtic which uses VSO)
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Which language from the Indo-European deviates from the SVO word order? Why?
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Celtic, probably because of areal contact with people from North Africa
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What are 3 features associated with head-initial position?
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1. Prepositions
2. Verb first 3. Noun before relative clause |
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What are 3 features associated with head-final position?
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1. Postpositions
2. Verb last 3. Noun after relative clause |
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What experimental observation is made when heads are misplaced?
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N400
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What does a P600 indicate?
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Violation of grammar
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By what age can a child distinguish whether or not someone is speaking their language or another one?
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3 months
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What morphological language type is Turkish?
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Agglutinating
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What is an example of a polysynthetic language?
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Inuktitut
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Is English an agglutinating language?
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No, because you often have to change the inside of a word, rather than adding pieces, such as foot/feet and toot/teeth
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What are inflectional languages?
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Change the inside of a word to create meaning; use the same element for multiple meanings
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What morphological type of language are English and German?
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Inflecting languages
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Give examples of inflecting languages?
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English and German
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Give 4 changes that occurred between Old English and Modern English
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1. Sound changes: unstressed -e is gone
2. Morphological changes: loss of cases 3. Syntactic change: verb can no longer be final 4. Semantic change: "with" the sea to "by" the sea |
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What are four systems that language depends on?
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1. Articulatory system
2. Acoustic system 3. Perceptual system 4. Cognitive system |
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Give an example of coarticulatioN
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"don't be" and "dompe"
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Traditionally, what has sound change mainly been explained by?
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"Articulatory simplification"
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What has sound change recently shifted to?
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Misperception
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What is an idiolect?
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Teh dialect you speak as a result of features of your identity
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What are 3 things dialects are identified by?
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1. Sounds
2. Lexicon 3. Grammar |
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Give an example of how a dialect varies by area?
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Implications in Multiple negation
A. I dodn't give nobody nothing B. Nobody didn't go C. Didn't nobody go? D. There wasn't people that couldn't go |
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When there is a question that asks a command, what gender is it typically?
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Girl
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What gender shows a lower percentage of stigmatized features?
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Women
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Which gender is more at east with non-standard speech?
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Men
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Which gender has a higher rate of falling intonation patterns?
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Men
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Which gender has a wider range of pitch?
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Women
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Which gender complains more about themselves?
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Women
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Which gender complains more about others?
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Men
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Which gender complains more about situations?
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Both complain equally
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Are gender differences across languages universal?
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Yes
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How accurate is the protracted /s/ in determining sexuality?
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90%
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How accurate is pitch in determining sexuality?
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70%
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Which dialect is considered most normative?
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male educated speech from the Midwest
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Which lobe is responsible for reasoning?
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Frontal
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Which lobe is responsible for planning?
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Frontal
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Which lobe is responsible for problem solving?
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Frontal
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Which lobe is responsible for some speech?
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Frontal
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Which lobe is responsible for movement?
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Parietal
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Which lobe is responsible for orientation?
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Parietal
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Which lobe is responsible for recognition?
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Parietal
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Which lobe is responsible for memory?
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Temporal
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What is the frontal lobe responsible for?
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Reasoning
Planning Problem Solving Speech |
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What is the parietal lobe responsible for?
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Movement
Orientation REcognition Perception of Stimuli |
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What part of the brain is vulnerable under Alzheimers?
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Hippocampus
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In which lobe is the hippocampus?
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Temporal
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Relate the cerebral cortex and the cerebrum.
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Cerebral cortex covers the cerebrum
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Which hemisphere is damaged in autistic children?
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Right hemisphere ~ take meanings literally and fail to display emotion
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What are 4 age-related changes in the cerebrovascular system?
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1. Thickening of the vessel walls
2. Hypertension 3. Venuous occlusions 4. Language areas seem to shift |
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Who did Paul Broca study?
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Patient Tan?
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What is the out-put often restricted to in Broca's aphasia patients?
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noun-verb combinations; short sentences; flat intonation;
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Which areas does Broca's aphasia affect?
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Broddmann's areas 44 and 45
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Which areas does Wernicke's aphasia affect?
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Brodmann's areas 21, 42, and 39
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What does fMRI use?
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BOLD, (Blood-Oxygenation-Level-Dependent Response), which is a rise in hemoglobin.
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What is the McGurk Effect?
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If see /ga/ and hear /ba/, your brain fuses the sounds together and hear /da/
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Give an example of the semantic priming effect?
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If see 'butter' will be able to identify 'bread'
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Give an example of the masked priming effect?
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Even if 'butter' is shown for only 30 milliseconds, 'bread' can subsequently be recognized more quickly
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What is syntactic incrementality?
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Fit the word into a strcture as fast as possible when teh word is encountered
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Which L1 learners show a strong verb bias?
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L1 learners of Korean and Tzeltal
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Were Nim's words in a particular order?
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No
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What were different about Kanzi's utterances?
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they were unconventional word combinations
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What is the order for home sign
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Theme+recipient+action+agent
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Does telegraphic speech often lack subjects or objects?
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Subjects
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In telegraphic speech, what often happens when the predicate is lengthened?
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Subject is shortened
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What are 3 tool for getting data from children?
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1. Preferential looking
2. Eye tracking 3. Sucking rate |
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At what age is preferential looking used?
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Around 4 months.
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At what age is eye tracing used?
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Around 8 months
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When do children understand animacy mobility?
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About 4 months
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When do children understand natural gender biological sex?
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5 months
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When do children understand "consumability?"
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Between 5 and 6 months
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What gene is thought to play a role in language acquisition?
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FOX2P gene
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When does the critical period for language typically end?
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Around 2 years
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What are the bases of biological noises during the first 8 weeks?
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Reflexive
Vegetative Airstream mechanism and vocal folds |
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When does cooing occur?
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Between 2 and 5 months
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When does vocal play occur?
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Between 5 and 7.5 months
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Whne does babbling occur?
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Between 6 and 12 months
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Does babbling show syllabic organization?
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Yes
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What is reduplication?
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Same two sounds repeated, such asbabababab papapapa
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When do children start taking pictures as symbols of words?
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18 and 20 months
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During the second and third year of life, do children map words and objects referentially, not associatively?
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Referentially
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How was the fact that children younger than three map words and objects referentially, not associatively?
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Wisk test
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When do first words usually occur?
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Between 12 and 18 months
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What is mutual exclusivity bias?
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Children prefer to have only one name for objects
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When do children begin putting words together?
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Between 18 and 24 months
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What are 6 commong two-word stage combinations?
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Actor + action
Modify Noun possession Location Action+Location Action+Object |
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When do gesture-word combinations usually begin?
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1 to 2 years
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Are there more interruptions in same sex or cross-sex conversations?
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Cross-sex
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Do men ask more questions or make more statements?
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Make more statements
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Who interrupt more, men or women?
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Men
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Were topics taken up more when introduced by men or women?
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Men
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Who introduced more topics, men or women?
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Women
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What is the difference in noun use between large and small communities?
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Large communities tend to use proper nouns
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Give an example of a constructed language.
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Esperanto
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If a phrase is XP, what is the head?
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X
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If a phrase is VP, what is the head?
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Verb
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If a phrase is head-initial, are postpositions or prespositions typically used?
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Prepositions
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Give an example of indivisibility.
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Fan-bloody-tastic
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What did the Latin /p/, /t/, and /c/ become?
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/p/ - /f/
/t/ - /theta/ /c/ - h |
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Describe Labov's early work.
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Asked department store questions to circumvent observer paradox.
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What did Labov's early work find?
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Middle-class mother and grade school teacher are prime accelerants of linguistic change?
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Who are the prime accelerants of linguistic change?
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Middle-class mother and grade school teacher
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What type of aphasia does "cocktail hour speech" refer to?
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Wernicke's aphasia
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What is SLI?
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Disorder specifically affecting inflectional morphology and syntax
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Do SLI kids have clear brain lesions or marked anatomical differences?
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No
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Is SLI genetically based?
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Possibly
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Is SLI more common in boys or girls?
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Boys
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In which region of the brain is there a greater response when encounter pseudo speech?
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Deep frontal operculum in left and right hemisphere
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What are isoglosses?
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Phonological/morphological/syntactic divides in dialect
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When are isoglosses more distinct?
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When there is a political barrier
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What is the modular model?
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States that syntactic info has privileged status
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What does the Symbolic Species claim?
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Mastery of subject-predicate structure is a prerequisite for symbolic reference
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Is 'b' omitted more often with definite NP or pronouns in children?
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Definite NP
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Why are subjects often omitted?
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Children utter only those sentence elements that carry the most information; subjects carry less information
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Are children sensitive to structure from early ages?
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Yes
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Do babies pay attention to word size and complexity?
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Yes
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Do babies pay attention to vowel harmony?
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Yes
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