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58 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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When is an utterance judged to be grammatical?
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When native speakers judge it to be a possible sentence of their language
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What are the two components of grammar?
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Lexicon and computational system
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What is a computational system?
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Operations that combine and arrange words in particular ways
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What are 5 lexical categories?
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1. Noun
2. Verb 3. Adjective 4. Preposition 5. Adverb |
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What are 4 nonlexical categories?
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1. Determiner
2. Auxiliary verb 3. Conjunction 4. Degree word |
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What are the inflectional affixes of nouns?
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- Plural "-s"
- Possessive "-'s" |
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What are the inflectional affixes of verbs?
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- Past tense "-ed"
- Progressive "-ing" - Third person singular "-s" |
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What are the inflectional affixes of adjectives?
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- Comparative "-er"
- Superlative "-est" |
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What is distribution?
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The type of elements with which a word can co-occur
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What are the distribution for nouns, verbs, and adjectives?
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Nouns occur with determiners
Verbs occur with auxiliaries Adjectives occur with degree words |
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What are the three parts a typical phrase can be broken down into?
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A head, specifier, and complement
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What is the arrangement of a head, a specifier, and a complement called?
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X' schema
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Give the XP for an X-schema, where X represents N, V, A, or P
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XP: specifier/X' ( X head/complement)
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What are the 4 generalizations captured by the X' schema?
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1. All phrases have a three-level structure (x, X', and XP
2. All phrases contain a head, X 3. If there isa complement, it is attached at the intermediated X' level, as a "sister" of the head 4. If there is a specifier, it is attached at the XP level |
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What are the specifiers of nouns, verbs, and adjectives/prepositions respectively?
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Nouns: determiner
Verbs: adverb Adverbs/Prepositions: Degree word |
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What is a complement?
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Essentially a direct object/transitive
Ex: A vegetarian would never eat "a hamburger" "in" the house |
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What is another word for direct object?
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Transitive/complement
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Give an X' schema for a NP.
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NP: determiner/N' (N/PP)
determiner = the N = books PP = about the war |
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Give an X' schema for an AP.
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AP: deg/A' (A/PP)
degree = quite A = certain PP = about Mary |
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Give an X' schema for a PP.
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PP: deg/P' (P/NP)
deg = almost P = in PP = the house |
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What are the three tests to verify the placement of constituents?
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1. The substitution test
2. The movement test 3. The coordination test |
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What is the substitution test?
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Evidence that phrases are syntactic units comes form the fact that they can often be replaced by an element, such as "they, it, or do so"
Ex: [The children] will [stop at the corner] They (NP) will do so(VP) |
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What is the movement test?
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Constituents can be moved as a single unit to a different position within the sentence
Ex: They stopped [at the corner] vs. [At the corner (PP)] they stopped |
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What is the coordination test?
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Constituent is formed if it can be joined to another group of words by a conjunction
Ex: The children [stopped at the corner (VP)] and [looked both ways (VP)] |
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Give an example of subcategorizaiton.
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"Devour" belongs to the subcategory of verbs that require an NP complement
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Five an example of a verb-head that can take on more than one complement.
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Put (V) the book (NP) on the shelf (PP)
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What are words, such as "that, whether, and if" known as?
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Complementizers
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Describe the breakdown of complementizer phrases.
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CP: C': C/IP
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To what component of the X schema does the world "should" belong?
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I
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The formation of question structures requires the use of a structure-building operation that we call what?
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Move
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What are the three tests to verify the placement of constituents?
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1. The substitution test
2. The movement test 3. The coordination test |
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What is the substitution test?
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Evidence that phrases are syntactic units comes form the fact that they can often be replaced by an element, such as "they, it, or do so"
Ex: [The children] will [stop at the corner] They (NP) will do so(VP) |
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What is the movement test?
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Constituents can be moved as a single unit to a different position within the sentence
Ex: They stopped [at the corner] vs. [At the corner (PP)] they stopped |
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What is the coordination test?
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Constituent is formed if it can be joined to another group of words by a conjunction
Ex: The children [stopped at the corner (VP)] and [looked both ways (VP)] |
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Give an example of subcategorizaiton.
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"Devour" belongs to the subcategory of verbs that require an NP complement
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Five an example of a verb-head that can take on more than one complement.
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Put (V) the book (NP) on the shelf (PP)
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What are words, such as "that, whether, and if" known as?
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Complementizers
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Describe the breakdown of complementizer phrases.
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CP: C': C/IP
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To what component of the X schema does the world "should" belong?
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I
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The formation of question structures requires the use of a structure-building operation that we call what?
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Move/Transformation
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What is the difference in the X schemas of "Should that guy go?" vs. "That guy should go."?
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They differ only tin that the Move operation has applied to the I category in the questino structure
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All IPs occur within what sort of structure?
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CP; The CP category is a shell that forms an outer layer of structure around an IP; when embedded within a larger sentence, the CP can contain an overt complementizer such as "that or whether"
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What happens to the X schema when a sentence changes from "That guy should go" to "Should that guy go?"?
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"Should" moves from the I-position to the Q-position.
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What is a trace?
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Records the fact that the moved element, such as "should," comes from the head position within IP.
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What is the move operation used for yes-no questions often informally calle?
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Invesrion - move I to C
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What does the Merge operation do?
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Creates tree structures by combining categories in a manner consistent with their subcategorization properties and the X' schema; (creating the tree)
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What is derivation
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The combination of the merge operation and the move operation
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What takes place first, the merge operation or the move oer
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Merge operation
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What is the structure formed by the merge operation called?
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The deep structure/D-structure
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What is the structure called that is formed by the move operation?
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Surface structure
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What is insertion?
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Adding something like "do" into the I-position of the sentence "Those birds so sing"
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What are the three steps to building the sentence, "do those birds sing?"
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1. D-structure formed by the Merge
2. Insertion adds in "do" 3. Inversion moves "do" from IP position to the C-position |
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What part of speech is the word, "which?"
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Determiner
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When the noun phrase "which languages" from "aristotale could speak which languages" is moved to the C position, what occupies the NP postiion?
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t (tense-marker)
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Is there usually a "do" insertion in wh-questions?
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No, except fo rhte purpose of emphasis
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What is verb raising?
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Moving V to I
Ex: In French, cahnging "Paul always works" to "Paul works always;" where V goes to the I position and the V position in the VP becomes occupied by a tense-marker |
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When does verb-raising occur in English?
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With the verbs "have" and "be"
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What must occur before the sentence "Have the children waited?" can be formed?
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"Have" must move to the I-position, then it can move to the C-position
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