Social Analysis 34 - Chpt. 3 Reading Notes

Front 1

What is a minimal pair?

Back 1

A minimal pair consists of two forms with distinct meanings that differ by only one segment found in the same position in each form. Ex: sip and zip form a minimal pair

Front 2

What the phonetic context in which a sound occurs called?

Back 2

Environment

Front 3

What is a near-minimal pair?

Back 3

Pairs of words that have segments in nearly identical environments, such as assure and azure; author and either

Front 4

What are allophones?

Back 4

Two or more phonetically distinct, but phonologically similar, segments

Front 5

WHat is phonetic representation?

Back 5

Consists of predictable variants or allophones

Front 6

What is phonemic representation?

Back 6

Consists of the phonemes to which the allophones belong

Front 7

How can contrastive phonemes be established?

Back 7

Largely by means of the minimal pair test

Front 8

What are the two distinct levels of representation?

Back 8

The phonemic/phonological and the phonetic

Front 9

What is phonemic transcriptions?

Back 9

Words are transcribed using only phonemes

Front 10

How many inventories of sounds does each language have?

Back 10

Two - one inventory includes the allophones of the language; used in phonetic transcription; the other inventory, which includes only the phonemes of the language, is used in phonemic transcription

Front 11

What do features reflect?

Back 11

The articulatory basis of speech in the sense that each feature encodes on of the independently controllable aspects of of speech production

Front 12

What are natural classes?

Back 12

Classes of sounds that share a feature or features and that pattern altogether in sound systems

Front 13

What are obstruents?

Back 13

Sounds that constrict the flow of air through the vocal tract; ex: /p/, /t/, and /k/

Front 14

What are singable sounds called?

Back 14

Sonorants; ex: /p/, /t/, /k/, /f/, and /s/

Front 15

What is a distinctive feature?

Back 15

The source of phonemic contrasts in a lanuage

Front 16

Give an example of distinctive features?

Back 16

[voice] and [continuation]

Front 17

What are binary features?

Back 17

Can have one of two values, '+' and '-', each of which defines a particular class of sounds

Front 18

What is an example of a binary feature?

Back 18

[continuation]

Front 19

What are major major class features?

Back 19

Features that represent the classes consonant, obstruent, and sonorant

Front 20

What are major class features?

Back 20

Features that represent hte classes consonant, obstruent, and conorant

Front 21

What are three major class features?

Back 21

1. +/- Consonantal
2. +/- Syllabic
3. +/- Sonorant

Front 22

What is the +consonantal feature?

Back 22

Major class feature; + is produced with major obstruction in the vocal tract

Front 23

What is the +syllabic feature?

Back 23

Major class feature; + act as syllable peaks, such as vowels an syllabic liquids and nasals; all other sounds are -syllabic

Front 24

What is the +sonorant feature?

Back 24

Major class feature; + are singable, such as vowels, glides, liquids, and nasals

Front 25

What are manner features?

Back 25

Features that represent manner of articulation

Front 26

What are four manner features?

Back 26

1. Continuant
2. Delayed release
3. Nasal
4. Lateral

Front 27

What is the +continuant feature?

Back 27

Manner feature; Sounds produced with free or nearly free airflow through the oral cavity, such as vowels, glides, liquids, and fricatives

Front 28

What is the +delayed release feature?

Back 28

Manner feature; The tongue is slower in leaving the roof of the mouth when producing sounds, such as [tʃ] than when a stop like [t] is produced on its own; Ex: affricates, such as [tʃ] and [dʒ]

Front 29

What is the +nasal feature?

Back 29

Manner feature; Sounds produced with a lower velum are +nasal

Front 30

What is the +lateral feature?

Back 30

Manner feature; all and only varieties of "l" are +lateral

Front 31

What are laryngeal features?

Back 31

Features that represent laryngeal activity

Front 32

What are 3 laryngeal features?

Back 32

1. +/- voice
2. +/- spread glottis
3. +/- constricted glottis

Front 33

What is the +/- voice feature?

Back 33

Laryngeal feature; all voiced sounds are +voice

Front 34

What is the +/- spread glottis feature?

Back 34

All aspirated consonants are +SG

Front 35

What is the +/- constricted glottis?

Back 35

All sounds made with a closed glottis are +CG

Front 36

What are place of articulation features?

Back 36

Features that represent supralaryngeal activity

Front 37

What are 3 place of articulation features?

Back 37

1. Labial
2. Coronal
3. Dorsal

Front 38

What are labial features?

Back 38

Place of articulation feature; Represent the labial articulator; any sound that is produced with involvement of one or both of the lips is labial

+round are produced by protruding the lips

Front 39

What is the coronal feature?

Back 39

Place of articulation feature; any sound that is produced with involvement of the tongue tip or blade raised

+anterior: all coronal sounds articulated in front of the alveopalatal region
+strident: all "noisy" coronal frictatives and affricates, such as /s/, /z/, and /ʒ/

Front 40

What is the dorsal feature?

Back 40

Place of articulation feature; the feature represents the dorsal articulator

+high: dorsal consonants or vowels produced with the tongue body raised from a central position in the oral cavity
+low: vowels produced with the tongue body lowered form a central position in the oral cavity
+back: dorsal consonants or vowels produced with the tongue body behind the palatal region in the oral cavity
+tense: vowels that are tense
+reduced: vowel schwa is a lax and exceptionally brief vowel

Front 41

What are the parts of a syllable?

Back 41

Syllables consist of an onset and a rhyme; the rhyme, in turn, consists of the nuclei and a coda

Front 42

What are phonotactics?

Back 42

The set of constraints on how sequences of segments pattern forms part of a speaker's knowledge of the phonology of his or her language

Front 43

Does English allow onsets to contain more than one consonant?

Back 43

Yes, such as [pl] and [tw]

Front 44

What are the 3 steps for setting up syllables, (and the 4th word-level construction step).

Back 44

1. Nucleus formation
2. Onset formation
3. Coda formation
(4. Word-level formation)

Front 45

What is the nucleus formation step of setting up syllables?

Back 45

Since the syllable nucleus is the only obligatory constituent of a syllable, it is constructed first.

Front 46

What is the onset formation step of setting up syllables?

Back 46

The longest sequence of consonants to the left of each nucleus that does not violate the phonotactic constraints of the language in question is the onset of the syllable

Front 47

What is the coda formation step of setting up syllables?

Back 47

Any remaining unassociated consonants to the right of each nucleus form the coda and are linked to a Co symbol above them

Front 48

What is the word-level construction of syllable formation?

Back 48

Syllables that make up a single form branch out from the representation

Front 49

In order for an English vowel to be long, what must it be followed by?

Back 49

A voiced obstruent in the same syllable

Front 50

What is anothe rword for phonemic representation?

Back 50

Underlying representation

Front 51

What is another word for phonetic representation?

Back 51

Surface representation

Front 52

What is deletion?

Back 52

getting rid of something that was present in the underlying form

Front 53

What is epenthesis?

Back 53

Adds something that was not present in the underlying form; ex: a word, such as film, which constitutes one syllable initially, becaomes two syllables fter epnthesis