Social Analysis 34 - Chpt. 13 Reading Notes

Front 1

What are saccades?

Back 1

Series of jerky eyes movements

Front 2

What is a spoonerism?

Back 2

Slip of the tongue that involves the rearranging of words or sounds

Front 3

Is the analysis of slips of the tongue a field technique or an experimental paradigm?

Back 3

Field technique - it canot be analyzed through experimental paradigms

Front 4

Rank the order of establishing the link between the given word and the primed word.

Given/Primed:
teach/teacher
fear/terror
spin/spinach
spin/climate

Back 4

fast: teach/teacher and fear/terror
medium: spin/climate
slow: spin/spinach

Front 5

Give an example of bottom-up processing.

Back 5

The dog bit the cat: when you hear "bi," you won't think it's "believe," but bit because you associate "bit" with dog

Front 6

Give an example of top-down processing.

Back 6

The dog "bit" the cat after hearing bit, you expect an object to follow

Front 7

What is a lexical decision paradigm?

Back 7

Subject is seated in front of a computer and decides whether or not the flashed words are English

Front 8

What are the two dependent variables of the lexical decision paradigm?

Back 8

Response latency: time that it takes for a subject to respond
REsponse accuracy: whether or not the subject's judgment is correct

Front 9

How long do subjects take to press the "yes" button for frequent and infrequent words, respectively?

Back 9

Frequent: about 1/2 a second
Infrequent: about 3/4 of a second

Front 10

What is the frequency effect?

Back 10

It takes subjects less time to press the "yes" button for commonly used words than infrequently used words

Front 11

How do priming experiments differ form lexical decision experiments?

Back 11

In priming, the word to be judged, (the target), is preceded by another stimulus, (the prime)

Front 12

Is there a priming effect for othographically related words, such as "couch" and "touch?"

Back 12

Yes

Front 13

Is there a priming effect for phonologically related words, such as "light" and "bite."

Back 13

Yes

Front 14

Is there a priming effect for word roots and complex forms, such as "legality" and "illegality?"

Back 14

Yes

Front 15

What type of observation is often associated with difficult sentences?

Back 15

Regressive saccades: backward jumps in a sentence usually associated with misparsing

Front 16

Do subjects show longer bar pressing times for processing content words, such as nouns and verbs, or function words, such as determiners, conjunctions, and prepositions.

Back 16

More time for content words

Front 17

What are event-related potentials, (ERP), used for?

Back 17

Subject simply sits in front of a computer and ERP records the electrical activity in the brain related to the stimulus.

Front 18

What is the difference between an EEG and an ERP

Back 18

EEG records all electrical activity, whereas ERP uses a computer to focus on target area

Front 19

What is an N400?

Back 19

Negative spike that occurs 400 milliseconds after the onset of a semantic anomaly signal

Front 20

What is the Cohort Model?

Back 20

Stipulates that words are analyzed by hearers from beginning to end; phoneme is the fundamental unit of auditory word recognition; thus when we hear "glass," we initially consider all the words that being with "g," then to the cohort of words that subsequently contain a "g"

Front 21

What is postlexical decomposition?

Back 21

Constituents of a mulimorphemic words are activated through the representation of the whole lexical item

Front 22

What is prelexical decompositions?

Back 22

Constituent morphemes are activated through a computational process rather than through the morphological representation of the word in the mind.

Front 23

Are grammatically complex sentences necessarily more difficult to parse?

Back 23

No

Front 24

From which two principles of parsing does the garden path result?

Back 24

Minimal attachment and late closure

Front 25

What is the principle of minimal attachment?

Back 25

States that we do not postulate new syntactic nodes, unless it is clear that we absolutely have to

Front 26

What is the principle of late closure?

Back 26

States that we prefer to attach new words to the clause currently being processed as we proceed through a sentence

Front 27

What does is the principle of sentence ambiguity?

Back 27

We create all representations possible and then discard ones that are either incorrect or unnecessary

Front 28

What does a psycholinguistic model do?

Back 28

Incorporates results of experiments into a proposal about how processing takes place

Front 29

What is the serial processing model?

Back 29

Claims that language processing proceeds in a step by step manner, like a flow chart

Front 30

What is the parallel processing model/

Back 30

Claims that phonological, lexical, and syntactic processes are carried out simultaneously

Front 31

What are single-route models?

Back 31

Stipulate that a particular type of language learning processing is accomplished in one manner only

Front 32

What are dual-route models?

Back 32

Claim that a language-processing task is accomplished through, (usually two), competing mechanisms.

Front 33

What the competing mechanisms suggested by the dual-route model?

Back 33

We do both of the following:
1. We read a word by looking it up in our mental lexicon directly based on its visual characteristics
2. We convert a visual input into phonological representation first then look it up

Front 34

What are symbolic models?

Back 34

Claim that models of linguistic knowledge must make reference to rules and representation consisting of symbols, such as phoneme, words, and syntactic category labels, (such as single-route, dual-route models)

Front 35

What is the opposite of the symbolic model?

Back 35

Connectionist model

Front 36

What do connectionist models claim?

Back 36

Mind can be best modeled by reference to large associations of very simple units, (called notes), that more closely approximate the kinds of processing units we know the brain to be composed of