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33 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the naturalistic approach to the study of language?
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INvestigators observe and record children's spontaneous utterances
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What is one type of naturalistic appraoch?
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Diary study, in which a rsearcher keeps daily notes on a child's linguistic progress
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Why is the naturalistic approach not as reliable?
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Particular structures and phenomena may occur rarely in children's everyday speech, making it difficult to gather enough information from natural speech samples to test hypotheses or draw firm conclusions
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What are two types of experimental studies?
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Cross-sectional studies: investigate and compare linguistc knowledge of different children at a particular point in development
Longitudinal: examine language developmenet in a paritcular child or group of childre over an extended period of time |
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Infants are able to distinguish bewteen sounds in unfamilar languages; by what age has this ability begun to diminish?
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Has begun to diminish at ten to twelve months
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What are usually produced first in children, vowels or consonants; stops or other consonants
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Vowels and stops
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What are 4 types of substitution processes used by children?
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1. Stopping
2. Fronting 3. Gliding 4. Denasalization |
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What is stopping?
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replacement of a fricative by a corresponding stop
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What is fronting?
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Moving forward of a sound's place of articulation
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What is gliding?
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Replacement of a liquird by a glide
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What is denasalization?
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Replacement of a nasal stop by a nonnasal counterpart
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Describe the phonetic process of assimilation.
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The modification of one or more features of a segment under the influence of neighboring sound
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What is the whole object assumption?
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Allows children to infer that the word 'shoeep'refers to teh animal itself, not to its parts, not to whiteness, and not to woolliness
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What is the Type aSsumption?
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Allows children to infer that 'sheep'refers to a type of animal, not to just one particular sheep
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What is the Basic Level Assumption?
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Allows children to infer that 'sheep' is used to refer just to white, four-legged, wolly animals, not animals in general
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What is overextension?
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The meaning of the child's word is more general or inclusive that that of the corresponding adult for, such as 'dog' meaning all four-legged animals
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What is underextension?
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Use of lexical items in an overly restrictive fashion, such as 'kitty' referring to only the family pet
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What are the two components of the word-formation process in English?
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1. Derivation
2. Compounding |
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What are holophrases?
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Words that serve as entire sentences, such as when a child says 'candy' to indicate that they want candy
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What comes after the two-word stage?
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Telegraphic stage
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When do the 'wh' questions emerge?
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Between the ages of two and four
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What is the Canonical Sentence Strategy?
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Children expect the first NP in a sentence to bear the agent role and teh second NP to bear the theme role, so confused when says 'the car was bumped by the truck' rather than 'the truck bumped the car'
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What is motherese?
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Caregiver speech - type fo speech caregivers typically address to young language learners; potentially helpful, but may not actually be necessary to the language acquisition process
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What are recasts?
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Response often given by adults to children in which they repeat the children's utterance
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What development occurs around eighteen months, just prior to a period of rapid growth in children's vocabulary?
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Object permanence
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What is seriation?
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The ability to arrange element in order of increasing or decreasing size
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What is the view that grammaticaly knowledge is inborn called?
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Nativism
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What are four ways of experimentally gathering linguistic data? (Methods, not cross-sectional/longitudinal)
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1. Picture selection
2. Act on meanings 3. Production tasks 4. Imitation |
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What is the order in which velars, alveoplaatals, labials, alveolars, and interdentals are learned?
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Labials
Alveolars Velars Alveopalatals Interdentals |
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What are early phonetic processes seen in children?
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1. Syllable deletion
2. Syllable simplification - Reduction of clusters and final consonants 3. Substitution - Stopping, fronting, gliding, denasalization 4. Assimilation |
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In what order are the parts of speech learned?
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Nouns, verbs, adjectives
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What is the order in which nonlexical morphemes are used?
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1. -ing
2. plural -s 3. possessive -'s 4. the, a 5. past tense -ed 6. third person singular -s 7. auxiliary be (-ing, plural, possessive, the past third aux) |
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What is the order in which nonlexical morphemes are enforced by parents?
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1. the, a
2. -ing 3. plural -2 4. auxiliary be 5. possessive -'s 6. third person singular -s 7. past tense -ed (the -ing plural ox possess the third past) ( |
