Soci101 - Test One

Front 1

The freedom individuals have to choose and to act

Back 1

agency

Front 2

Durkheim's term for the loss of direction felt in a society when social control of individual behavior has become innefective

Back 2

Anomie

Front 3

A sociological approach that assumes that social behavior is best understood in terms of conflict or tension between competing groups

Back 3

conflict perspective

Front 4

A view of social interaction popularized by Erving Goffman in which people are seen as theatrical performers

Back 4

Dramaturgical approach

Front 5

A sociological approach that emphasizes the way in which the parts of a society are structured to maintain its stability

Back 5

functionalist perspective

Front 6

The worldwide integration of govt. policies, cultures, social movements, and financial markets through trade and the exchange of ideas

Back 6

globilaztation

Front 7

a sociological approach that generalizes about everyday forms of social interaction in order to explain society as a whole

Back 7

interactionaist perspective

Front 8

Natural science is the study of ______ features of nature and the ways in which they interact and change

Back 8

physical

Front 9

Obstacles that individuals face as individuals rather than as a consequence of their social position

Back 9

Private troubles

Front 10

Obstacles that individuals in similar positions face: also referred to by sociologists as "social problems"

Back 10

public issues

Front 11

Science is the body of knowledge obtained by methods based upon _______ _________

Back 11

systematic observations

Front 12

A condition in which members of society have differing amounts of wealth, prestige, and power

Back 12

social inequality

Front 13

_____ _______ is the study of the social features of humans and the ways in which they interact and change

Back 13

social science

Front 14

An awareness of the relationship between an individual and the wider society, both today and in the past

Back 14

social imagination

Front 15

The systematic study of social behavior and human groups

Back 15

sociology

Front 16

in sociology a set of statements that seeks to explain problems, actions, or behavior

Back 16

theory

Front 17

The relationship between a condition or variable and a particular consequence, with on event leading to another

Back 17

casual logic

Front 18

The standards of acceptable behavior developed by and for members of a profession

Back 18

code of ethics

Front 19

the subjects in an experiment who are not introduced to the independent variable by the researcher

Back 19

countrol group

Front 20

a relationship between two variables in which a change in one coincides with a change in the other

Back 20

correlation

Front 21

the variable in a casual relationship that is subject to the influence of another variable

Back 21

dependent variable

Front 22

_____ is the study of an entire social setting through extended systematic observation

Back 22

ethnography

Front 23

An ______ is an artificially created situation that allows a researcher to manipulate variables

Back 23

experiment

Front 24

The subjects in an experiment who are exposed to an independent variable introduced by a researcher

Back 24

experimental group

Front 25

The uninteded influence that observers of experiments can have on their subjects

Back 25

hawthorne effect

Front 26

the variable in a casual relationship that causes or influences a change in a second variable

Back 26

independent variable

Front 27

research that relies on what is seen in field or naturalistic settings more than on statistical data

Back 27

qualitative research

Front 28

The extend to which a measure produces CONSISTENT results

Back 28

reliability

Front 29

A selection from a large population that is statistically representative of that population

Back 29

sample

Front 30

A systematic, organized series of steps that ensures maxium objectivity and consistency in research

Back 30

scientif analysis

Front 31

The degree to which a measure or scale truly reflects the study

Back 31

validity

Front 32

Max Weber's term for objectivity of sociologists in the interpretation of data

Back 32

value neutrality

Front 33

a measurable trait or characteristc that is subject to change under different conditions

Back 33

variable

Front 34

Specialized langueage used by members of a group or subculture

Back 34

argot

Front 35

a subculture that deliberatley opposes certain aspects of the larger culture

Back 35

counterculture

Front 36

the viewing of people's behavior from the perspective of their own culture

Back 36

cultural relativism

Front 37

a common practice or belief shared by all societies

Back 37

cultural universal

Front 38

the totality of our shared language, knowledge, material objects, and behavior

Back 38

culture

Front 39

a period of adjustment when the nonmaterial culture is sitll struggling to adapt to new material conditions

Back 39

culture lag

Front 40

the feelings of disorientation, uncertainty, and even fear that people experience when they encounter unfamiliar cultural practices

Back 40

culture shock

Front 41

the process by which a cultural item spreads form group to group

Back 41

diffusion

Front 42

a set of cultural beliefs and practices that legitimates existing powerful social, economic, and political interests

Back 42

dominant ideology

Front 43

norms governing everyday social behavior, whose violation raise comparatively LITTLE concern

Back 43

folkways

Front 44

the process of introducing a new idea or object into a culture through discovery or invention

Back 44

innovation

Front 45

a system of shared symbols, include speech and symbols and numerals..etc

Back 45

language

Front 46

formal norms enforced by the state

Back 46

laws

Front 47

the physical or technological aspects of our daily lives

Back 47

material culture

Front 48

norms deemed highly necessary to the welfare of a society

Back 48

mores

Front 49

ways of using material objects, as well as customs, ideas, beliefs, knowledge, etc.

Back 49

nonmaterial culture

Front 50

an established standard of behavior maintatined by a society

Back 50

norm

Front 51

a penalty or reward for conduct concerning a social norm

Back 51

sanction

Front 52

the idea that the language a person uses shapes his or her perception of reality and therfore his or her thoughts and actions

Back 52

Sapir-Whorf hypothesis

Front 53

the structure of relationships within which culture is created and shared through regularized patterns of social interaction

Back 53

society

Front 54

a segment of society that shares a distinctive patterns of mores, folkways, and values that differs from the pattern of the larger society

Back 54

subculture

Front 55

a collective conception of what is considered good, desirable, and proper-or bad, undesirable and improper - in a culture

Back 55

value

Front 56

processes of socialization in which a person rehearses for future positions, occupations, and social relationships

Back 56

anticipatory socialization

Front 57

a view of social interaction in which people are seen as theatrical performers

Back 57

dramaturgical approach

Front 58

the efforts people make to maintain a proper image and avoid public embarrassment

Back 58

face-work

Front 59

the attitudes, viewpoints, and expectations of society as a whole that a child takes into account in his or her behavior

Back 59

generalized other

Front 60

The acting self that exists in relation the me

Back 60

I

Front 61

the altering of the presentation of the self in order to create disticnctive appearances and satisfy particular audiences

Back 61

impression management

Front 62

a concept that emphasizes the self as the product of our social interactions

Back 62

looking-glass self

Front 63

the socialized self that plans actions and judges performances based on the standards we have learned from others

Back 63

me

Front 64

the process of discarding former behavior patterns and accepting new ones as part of transition in one's life

Back 64

resocialization

Front 65

the process of mentally assuming the perspective of another and responding from that imagined viewpoint

Back 65

role takin

Front 66

a distinct identity that sets us apart from others

Back 66

self

Front 67

the lifelong process through which people learn attidues, values, and behaviors appropriate for a particular society

Back 67

socializatoin

Front 68

a gesture, object or word that forms the basis of human communication

Back 68

symbol

Front 69

an institution that regulates all aspects of a person's life under a single authority, such as a prison or military

Back 69

total institution

Front 70

a social position that is within our power to change

Back 70

achieved status

Front 71

a social position assigned to a person by society without regard for the person's unique talents or characteristics

Back 71

ascribed status

Front 72

a component of formal organizations that uses rules and hierarchical ranking to achieve efficiency

Back 72

bureaucracy

Front 73

overzealous conformity to offical regulations of a bureaucracy

Back 73

goal displacement

Front 74

any number of people with similar norms, values, and expectations who interact with one another on a regular basis

Back 74

group

Front 75

an approach to the study of formal organizations that emphasizes the role of people, communication, and participation in a bureaucracy and tends to focus the informal structure of the organization

Back 75

human relations approach

Front 76

a construct or model for evaluation specific cases

Back 76

ideal type

Front 77

a society that depends on mechanization to produce its goods and services

Back 77

industrial society

Front 78

any group or category to which people feel they belong

Back 78

in-group

Front 79

a principle of organization life under which even a democratic organization will eventually develop into a bureaucracy ruled by a few individuals

Back 79

iron law of oligarcy

Front 80

a status that dominates others and thereby determines a person's general position in society

Back 80

aster status

Front 81

the process by which the principles of efficiency, calculabitity, predictability, and control shape organization and decision making the in the US

Back 81

McDonaldizatoin

Front 82

social cohesion based on shared experiences, knowledge, and skills in which things funciton more or less the way they always have, with minimal change

Back 82

mechanical solidarity

Front 83

a collective consciousness that rests on mutual interdependence, characterisitc of societies with a complex division of labor

Back 83

organic solidarity

Front 84

a principle of organizationl life accourding to which every employee within a hierarcy tends to rise to his or her level of incompetence

Back 84

peter principle

Front 85

a society whose economic system is engaged primarily in the processing and control of information

Back 85

postindustrial society

Front 86

a small group characterized by intimate, face-to-face association and cooperation

Back 86

primary group

Front 87

any group that individuals use as a standard for evaluating themselves and their own behavior

Back 87

reference group

Front 88

the situation that occurs when incompatible expectations arise from two or more social positions held by the same person

Back 88

role conflict

Front 89

the difficulty that arises when the same social position imposes conflicting demands and expectations

Back 89

role strain

Front 90

a formal, impersonal group in which there is little social intmacy or mutual understanding

Back 90

secondary group

Front 91

an organized pattern of beliefs and behavior centered on basic social needs

Back 91

social institution

Front 92

the ways in which people respond to eachother

Back 92

social interaction

Front 93

a series of social relationships that links individuals directly to others, and through them indirectly to still more people

Back 93

social network

Front 94

a set of expectations for people who occupy a given social position of status

Back 94

social role

Front 95

the way in which a society is organized into predictable relationships

Back 95

social structure

Front 96

a term used by sociologists to refer to any of the full range of socially defined positions within a large group or society

Back 96

status

Front 97

there was a greater suicide rate in times of _____

Back 97

peace

Front 98

______ have greater suicide rate than catholics

Back 98

protestants

Front 99

____ termed the word sociology

Back 99

comte

Front 100

______ translated Comte's work

Back 100

Martineau

Front 101

_____ defined social inequality as determined by ownership, or lack of, key material resources

Back 101

Marx

Front 102

durkheim was concerned with_____, while marx was concerend with _____

Back 102

anomie, alienation

Front 103

______ popularized a method called the dramaturgical approach

Back 103

Goffman

Front 104

_____ established a juvenile court system in Chicago

Back 104

Adams

Front 105

_______ research focuses on small groups and communitites

Back 105

qualitative

Front 106

most common form of QUALITATIVE research is the ________

Back 106

questionaire

Front 107

experiments allow researches to ______ ______

Back 107

manipulate variables

Front 108

the experimental group is exposed to the ________ variable

Back 108

independent

Front 109

____ ____ termed the word value neutrality

Back 109

Max Weber

Front 110

when sociologist want to study cause and effect, they should use ________ _________

Back 110

experimental research

Front 111

______ drew the line between matrial and non material culture

Back 111

Ogburn

Front 112

______ precides thought

Back 112

language

Front 113

_____ developed the looking glass self

Back 113

Cooley

Front 114

_____ developed the three stages of the self

Back 114

Mead

Front 115

the __ is the acting self (walk, read, smile)

Back 115

I

Front 116

the __ is the socialized self (judging, planning)

Back 116

me

Front 117

most important aspect of play stage is _____ ______

Back 117

role taking

Front 118

3 stages of the self (MEAD)

Back 118

1. preparatory stage
2. play stage
3. game stage

Front 119

Goffman made the ________ ______

Back 119

dramaturgical approach

Front 120

according to Piaget, ____ ______ is the key to development

Back 120

social interaction

Front 121

______ developed the cognitive theory of development

Back 121

Piaget