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71 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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During the period of eugenics in Alberta, which groups were most likely to be sterilized?
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The poor, mentally defective, immigrants, visible minorities, rural people, those with emotional or behavioural problems.
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Define eugenics.
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Eugenics means "well-born". Essentially it is a method of controlled breeding that was meant to create a "super-human race" by not allowing defectives to breed.
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Define xenophobia.
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Dislike/fear of people who are different.
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According to Nancy Davis, what are the 3 basic emotional reactions to data on social class?
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1. Resistance: "Yeah, right."
2. Paralysis: "What can I do about it? Nothing." 3. Rage: of all degrees |
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What is the difference between income and wealth?
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Income refers to the economic gain from wages, salaries, and income transfers from government. Wealth refers to accumulated assets (personal property).
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What is Christopher Sarlo's view on poverty?
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True poverty is "stomach-stretching poverty". We confuse poverty with lack of access to middle-class amenities (TVs, condiments, etc.)
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About _______ kids in Canada are living in relative poverty. This is ____ of all Canadian kids and includes ____ of First Nations children.
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1 million, 1/6, half
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Canada ranks ____ out of 23 rich nations with regards to child poverty.
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17th.
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Define hegemony.
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Ideological domination. There are times that society/individuals simply go along with what everyone else is doing even when they know that it is against their own best interests.
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What is absolute poverty and what method is used to measure it?
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It refers to an inability to attain the basic necessities of life. It is measured by the Basic Needs Measure.
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What is relative poverty and what method is used to measure it?
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It refers to an inability to secure an average standard of living. It is measured by the LICO (Low Income Cut-Off Point).
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Name some of the consequences of relative poverty (there are 6).
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Delayed vocab. development, poor health/hygiene/nutrition, being regularly absent from work/school for no apparent reason and low academic achievement, behavioural/mental problems, low housing standards, greater likelihood of being poor in adulthood.
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What are to 5 main "compounding" contributors to poverty?
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Family structure (more kids = more mouths to feed), age (lack of pensions, being under 25 greatly increases risk), being female, being a member of a visible minority, having a disability.
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What is the difference between open and closed systems of stratification?
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Open system: People can move up (or fall down) the socioeconomic ladder. (ie. Canada)
Closed system: People cannot move around the socioeconomic ladder. (ie. Caste System in India) |
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Define meritocracy.
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You merit your own social standing. Essentially, you deserve what you have.
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What is the difference between ascribed and achieved statuses?
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Ascribed status: what you DON'T have control over (inheritance, being a visible minority)
Achieved status: what you DO have control over (social mobility) |
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What are the 4 basic components of the structural functionalist perspective on poverty described by Davis and Moore?
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1. Society held together by consensus (not conflict).
2. Inequality is functional for society. 3. Eliminating inequality would be harmful. 4. Inequality will continue because it is functional and necessary. |
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Define extrinsic and intrinsic rewards.
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Extrinsic rewards: money, vacation time, and other benefits that you get from work.
Intrinsic rewards: self-satisfaction, knowing that you enjoy the work that you do, helping others. (if believe these are imp. struct. funct. theory doesn't work). |
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What is surplus value as discussed by Marx?
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Human labour and time are what is of value, surplus value is the "profit" that the bourgeoisie take "off the backs" of the working class (proletariat), causing growing economic disparity.
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What is "The Law of Accumulation"?
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As discussed by Marx, it is the concept that disparity will become so great that the working-class (proletariat) will not be able to purchase anything and the whole system will therefore collapse.
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Other than the bourgeoisie and proletariat, what 2 groups were discussed by Marx?
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Petite bourgeoisie: own businesses and in a way are capitalists but don't make up the upper crust
Lumpenproletariat: super poor and don't have much potential |
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Working from the peak to the base of the hierarchical triangle, what were the 4 classes discussed by Erik-Ohlin Wright?
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1. Capitalist Class
2. Managerial Class 3. Small-business Class 4. Working Class |
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What is the basis of Erik-Ohlin Wright's theory.
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Contradictory class locations: locations within a class structure populated by occupational groupings with divided loyalties (ie. managers who supervise others yet report to owners).
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What were the 4 main points of Max Weber's theory on social stratification?
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1. One factor cannot explain S.S.
2. We should take a multi-dimension approach to S.S. including class, status, and party. 3. Society will be incrsngly controlled by bureaucrats. 4. Inequality will continue. |
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Differentiate between class, status, and party, as discussed by Weber.
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Class: economic inequalities
Status: hierarchies of prestige (social honour) Party: political inequalities |
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In Canada today we use a definition of social class consistent with that of which influential theorist?
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Max Weber.
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Name and describe the 4 main types of feminism.
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Liberal: laws/policies (antiquated, marginalization)
Radical: patriarchy embedded into society Socialist: patriarchy/economy (types of work/rewards) Post-Modern: scripts and performances |
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What were Goffman's most influential views on poverty?
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Middle and lower class people change their behaviours in the presence of a wealthy person (show deference) as if the believe the person to be better than themselves simply due to their wealth.
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Differentiate between prejudice and discrimination.
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Prejudice: "pre-judgement", THE THOUGHT PROCESS of racism
Discrimination: when you mistreat a person, THE ACTION COMPONENT of racism |
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What were Robert Merton's views on how we come to be racist?
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First we discriminate because it is advantageous but then we realize that there could be consequences so we make excuses (these excuses are the prejudices).
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What did Lucius Outlaw discuss in regards to race?
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He discussed the "career" of the term "race". He showed that it had its origins in a poem and that it predated science.
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Race is an achieved as much as it is an ascribed status because...
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1. "Racial" classifications are arbitrary.
2. Genetic differences b/w groups are small. 3. Genetic differences are behaviourally insignificant. |
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How is race achieved and how is it ascribed?
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It is achieved to the extent that society describes what people are like and also because people have the chance to change stereotypes.
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What is the "one drop rule"?
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It is the rule used in the U.S. that if you have a single drop of African-American blood in you, you are as black as someone straight out of Nigeria.
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Who said, "if people define situations as real, they are real in their consequences"?
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W.I. Thomas
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What is interpersonal racism?
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Racism between one person and another.
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What are the 3 types of interpersonal racism?
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1. Hate (intended, hostile, aggressive)
2. Polite (coated/covered up, subtle) 3. Subliminal (buried in unconscious) |
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Define systematic racism and provide at least one example.
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Intended to be racist, to have that effect.
ie. Chinese head tax, voyage of the damned (Jews fleeing Nazi Germany sent back), continuous voyage immigration clause (once you land in a safe country as a refugee you stay there and we are going to make it so that you can't get to Canada directly from Asia) |
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Define systemic racism and provide at least one example.
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Has the effect but the intent may not be there.
ie. Height and weight restrictions for certain occupations (made it difficult for Asians to be firefighters/police officers), SK prisons 80% Natives (often to poor to pay fines --> stiffer penalties). |
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Name the 2 types of institutional racism?
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Systematic and systemic.
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What is the main idea behind the concept of cultural racism?
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Racism is embedded in our culture rather than in the individual.
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Describe the 2 types of cultural racism.
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Everyday: embedded in language (ie. BLACKmail)
Ideological: ie. RCMP turban public outrage, we want people to be unique but only in certain ways... |
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Define primordialism.
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At some level, racism is biologically rooted in all of us.
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What is nepotism?
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We favour our own family (can be extended to race).
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Describe the biological argument for why racial crimes occur and provide 2 common critiques.
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Ethic grouping is natural/encoded in our genes. Discrimination, prejudice, ethnocentrism are natural/inevitable behaviours. Problems: people of different ethnic groups in anti-racism campaigns, people hurting members of their own race
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Describe the psychological argument for why racial crimes occur.
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Frustration with your own life leads to aggression. (Hitler blamed Jews, Marc Lepine blamed women)
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Describe the normative explanation argument for why racial crimes occur.
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Prejudice and discrimination are passed down from generation to generation (socialized into children).
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What are Philippe Rushton's views on race?
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There are mongoloids (asians), caucasoids (whites), and negroids (blacks). Asians are more intelligent, commit less crime and are smarter than others. Blacks have a biological disposition towards crime and are less intelligent than others.
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Describe frustration-aggression theory.
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Everyone knows the feeling of frustration and the negative thoughts that it could bring. However, this theory holds that some people will actually act on these thoughts.
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Outline the vertical mosaic from the top to the bottom of the stratification ladder.
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British, Western Europeans, Eastern Europeans, African Canadians, First Nations
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What were the 3 classes outlined by Edna Bonacich in her "Split Market Theory"?
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1. Business class/capitalists - bourgeoisie
2. Highly paid "white" labour - white proletariat 3. Lower paid "non-white" labour - non-white proletariat |
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According to Edna Bonacich's split market theory, how does the bourgeoisie make more money?
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By making sure that the proletariats are always arguing/fighting with each other and therefore focus much less on unions, wages, etc. (discriminatory employment practices a great way to accomplish this)
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Describe the story of Reena Virk.
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In 1997, she was attacked by 8 teens (1 male) beat and forcibly drowned. She was 5'8", 200 lbs, and Indo-Canadian. It was believed that race or visible minority status played a role in her death.
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According to Weber, what are "life-chances"?
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They are the opportunities (or lack thereof) for a higher standard of living and a better quality of life that are available to members of a given class.
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Define structural mobility.
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Refers to the occupational mobility in a society resulting from changes in the occupational structure. (ie. upward mobility of many resulting from the creation of more middle/upper level jobs)
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How did Parkin define Weber's concept of social closure?
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"The process by which social collectivities seek to maximize rewards by restricting access to resources and opportunities to a limited circle of eligibles."
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Define Marx's concept of class consciousness.
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The recognition by members of a class of their shared interests in opposition to members of another class.
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Define circulatory mobility.
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The occupational mobility that occurs within a society when better-qualified individuals move upward to replace those who are less qualified and who consequently move downward.
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Outline the culture of poverty thesis.
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Some ethnic groups do not readily assimilate and hence are poor because their culture does not value economic success, hard work, and achievement.
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Differentiate between intragenerational and intergenerational occupational mobility.
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Intragenerational: mobility within an individual's lifetime
intergenerational: the process of reaching an occupational location higher or lower than your parents held |
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Briefly describe Lenski's theory on stratification.
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A society's technological base largely determines the degree of inequality within it (hunting/gathering vs. pre-colonial India). Originally, increased technology led to increased inequality, however this trend has been reversed.
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What are the 3 main subsections of essentialism?
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1. Brain studies
2. Sociobiology 3. Freud |
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Describe some of the main problems with essentialism (there are 6).
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1. Ignore variability (historical and cultural)
2. Ignore rapid decline and elimination of gender diff. 3. Research methods often flawed 4. Generalize from the average, ignoring variations 5. Exaggerate unchangeability of gender differences. 6. Explanations ignore the role of power. |
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What are the 3 main socio-historic changes that social constructionists claim to be responsible for the development of gender inequality?
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1. Long-distance warfare and conquest
2. Plow agriculture (men work in fields all day) 3. Separation of public/private spheres (move away from "family" farm concept) |
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What is ***** theory?
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It denies the extnce of stable sexual orient. altogether and claims that when we use terms like "heterosexual" we are adopting official or at least socially accept. labels that fail to capture the fluidity and variability of people's actual ident. and performances.
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What are sexual scripts?
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The social and cultural blueprints by which we create and express what we typically experience as deeply personal and intimate.
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Differentiate between quid pro quo sexual harassment and hostile environment sexual harassment.
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Quid pro quo: involves sexual threats or bribery linked to getting/keeping a job or a promotion.
Hostile environment: jokes, comments, or touching that may create a sexualized environment that degrades women. |
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What is "market family income"?
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All income that family members (and others) bring home from work or receive in the form of dividends, rent, etc. It does not include transfers form government or take account of taxes paid.
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What are LICOs?
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Low income cut-offs: The point where people are considered to live in "straitened" circumstances. Based on the idea that "poor" families must spend 20% more of their income on necessities than the average family of a similar size. (relative poverty)
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What is the MBM?
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Market basket measure: Establishes the cost of a "basket" of necessary goods and services, bases poverty on whether a family can afford this. (absolute poverty)
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What are LIMs?
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Low-income measures: Essentially refers to the usage of the median household income in a country (per family size) and who falls above or below the median.
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