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145 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
What are some types of formal organizations?
Normative organizations, Coercive organizations, and Utilitarian organizations
Which organizations are voluntary, usually morally worthwhile, They are often community service affiliated-PTA, Red Cross, Kiwanis Club, Political Parties, Religious Organizations?
Normative organizations
Members of this group are forced to be part of the organization. Prison, Drug Treatment Center (when ordered by the court), are apart of which organization?
Coercive organizations
Which organization is where people join to gain material rewards-your job?
Utilitarian organizations
True or False: One organization might fall into all of these categories?
True
What is the organizational culture?
Where you work or want to work
What are the cultural aspects of the organizational culture?
Symbols and ceremonies, Non-verbal behavior, Jargon, and Rules and norms
What is considered the type of things that shows the company cares about its employees, or shows an incentive program?
Symbols and ceremonies
Appearance-is there a dress code, does management dress as subordinates, offices, or can people bring in their own artifacts, like pictures, is an example of?
Non-verbal behavior
Is there a lot of specific language for the culture, is an example of?
Jargon
How much are the rules set up by the company followed, are there some rules that are broken-making more of a norm that people don't follow all the rules?
Rules and norms
What are some examples of the origin of culture?
Those who founded the organization, and those who work there
What is leadership?
To think about the kind of relationship you want to follow and the kind of leader you want to be
What kind of leadership is where leaders make all the decisions for the organization with no feedback from employees. There is little trust on either side and commitment levels by employees are generally low?
Authoritarian (traditional, theory x are some of the other names used to describe this style of leadership)
What is somewhere in the middle of leadership. Encourage group decisions and input from members of the group, but ultimately leaders make final decisions, and then take credit...this style of leadership is where the middle management often gets lost?
Democratic (Innovative, Human Relations, Theory y)
Which kind of leadership are leaders minimally involved in decisions and encourage groups to make their own decisions. Least used in companies in the US. If it is, its probably a small company/family business. Ideal for employees but not for leaders?
Laissez Faire (Supportive, theory z)
What are decision making in groups?
To think about what kind of decisions are right in any particular situation and group
What is an ex. of decision making in groups that is good, someone loses, though, and they will be the first to abandon the group?
Voting
What is an ex. of decision making in groups that is better, everyone loses a little-the decision was negotiated?
Compromise
What is an ex. of decision making in groups that is best, everyone wins because the people in the group come up with the decision together. Personal goals are put aside and the commitment level to the group becomes apparent?
Consensus
What is sometimes a coercive group that will arrive at a decision because trust levels are high among group members even if the decision is not what every member wants. When group trust levels are high , bad decisions can occur?
Group think
What is a small group, high level of importance?
Primary group
What is a formal impersonal group; little intimacy or understanding?
Secondary group
What is a group association in which a person feels like they belong?
In-group
What is a group in which a person feels like they do not belong?
Out group
What refers to the ways in which people respond to one another, whether face-to-face, over the telephone, or on the computer?
Social interaction
What refers to the way in which a society is organized into predictable relationships?
Social structure
What is the process through which people learn the attitudes, values, and behaviors appropriate to their culture?
Socialization
What is reality shaped by?
Our perceptions, evaluations, and definitions
What are the six elements of social structure?
Statuses, social roles, groups, social networks, virtual worlds, and social institutions
What is refers to any of the flu range of socially defined positions within a large group or society, from the lowest to the highest?
Status
What is assigned to a person at birth, by society without regard of the person's unique talents or characteristics?
Ascribed status
What comes to us largely through our own efforts?
Achieved status
What is a status that dominates others and thereby determines a person's general position in society?
Master status
What is a set of expectations for people who occupy a given social position or status?
Social role
What occurs when incompatible expectations arise from two or more social positions held by the same person?
Role conflict
What's the difficulty that arises when the same social position imposes conflicting demands and expectations?
Role strain
What is used to describe the process of disengagement from a role that is central to one's self-identity in order to establish a new role and identity?
Role exit
What are the four stages of Ebaugh's model of role exit?
Doubt, search for alternatives, action stage or departure, and the creation of a new identity
Which stage does the person experience frustration, burnout, or unhappiness with an accustomed status and the roles associated with the social position?
Doubt
Which stage does the person who is unhappy with his/her career take a leave of absence (temporary separation)?
Search for alternatives
Which stage does the person identify as a clear turning point that made them feel it was essential to take final action and leave their jobs, marriage, or engage in another type of role exit?
Action stage or departure
Which stage is an example of participating in a role exit in making the transition from high school to college?
Creation of a new identity
What is any number of people with similar norms, values, and expectations who interact with one another on a regular basis?
Group
What refers to any group that individuals use as a standard for evaluating themselves and their own behavior?
Reference group
What is a temporary or permanent alliance geared toward a common goal?
Coalition
What is a series of social relationships that links a person directly to others, and through them indirectly to still more people
Social network
What are organized patterns of beliefs and behavior centered on basic social needs, such as replacing personnel (family) and preserving order (government)?
Social institutions
What are some examples of social institutions?
The mass media, government, economy, family, and health care system
What is a component of formal organization that uses rules and hierarchical ranking to achieve efficiency?
Bureaucracy
What is a group designed for a special purpose and structured for maximum efficiency?
Formal organization
What are Weber's five characteristics of a bureaucracy?
Division of labor, hierarchy of authority, written rules and regulations, impersonality, and employment based on technical qualifications
Which characteristic of bureaucracy have specialized experts perform specific tasks; workers know expectations?
Division of labor
Which characteristic of bureaucracy has each position under the supervision of a higher authority; clarifies who's in command?
Hierarchy of authority
Which characteristic of bureaucracy offers employees clear standards for an adequate (or exceptional) performance; provides efficiency in a large-scale corporation?
Written rules and regulations
Which characteristic of bureaucracy have officials perform their duties without giving personal consideration to people as individuals; encourages equal treatment of everybody?
Impersonality
Which characteristic of bureaucracy isn't based on favoritism, and performance is measured against specific standards; protects against arbitrary dismissal?
Employment based on technical qualifications
What refers to the process by which a group, organization, or social movement becomes increasingly bureaucratic?
Bureaucratization
What's an alternative way of considering bureaucratic dynamics that emphasizes the role of people, communication, and participation in a bureaucracy?
Human relations approach
What is a close-knit community, typical of rural life, and maintained through informal means such as moral persuasion, gossip, and even gestures?
Gemeinschaft
What is an impersonal mass society that is a characteristic of modern urban life; with social change being an important aspect of life?
Gesellschaft
Which societal type is nomadic; reliance on readily available food and fibers?
Hunting-and-gathering societies
Which societal type is more settled; development of agriculture and limited technology. By planting crops and placing more emphasis on the production of tool/ household objects?
Horticultural societies
Which societal type engaged primarily in the production of food with technological innovations such as the plow to increase crop yields?
Agrarian societies
Which societal type had a reliance on mechanical power and new sources of energy?
Industrial societies
Which societal type had a reliance on the processing and control of information?
Postindustrial societies
Which societal type has high technology; mass consumption of consumer goods and media images?
Postmodern societies
What is referred to as a society's social structure changes as its culture and technology become more sophisticated?
Socioculture evolution
What is deviance?
Any behavior, belief, or condition that violates significant social norms in the society or group in which it occurs
Who attempt to encourage conformity to norms, rules, and laws to discourage deviance?
Social groups
What is internal social control?
Within yourself; norms, and values
What is external social control?
Someone calling you out
Deviance occurs when access to approved means of reaching culturally approved goals is blocked?
Strain Theory (Merton)
Who approved the means, and approved of the goal, because they follow the rules?
Conformity
Who approved of the goal, but have other creative ways to reach that goal?
Innovation
Who approves of institutional means (hard work), but doesn't approve of the goal of material success?
Ritualism
Who is withdrawn from both the goals and means of society due to addiction/or mental illness?
Retreatism
Who reject, and seek to replace new means and goals?
Rebellion
We deviate from acceptable norms when we associate with people who are deviant?
Differential association (Sutherland)
Deviance occurs when a person's ties to society are lessened or weakened?
Control theory (Hirishi)
What occurs through attachment to others, commitments to conforming, involvement in activities, and belief in conventional values and norms?
Social bonding
Acts are labeled as deviant by social control agencies; those who are associated with the act are then labeled as deviant, then they begin to accept the label and act accordingly?
Labeling theory (Becker)
What is a violent crime?
Force or threat of force against others (murder, rape, robbery, and aggravated assault)
What is a property crime?
Primary motive is money or valuables (robbery, burglary, larceny, car theft, and arson)
What is a moral or victimless crime?
Voluntary illegal action (prostitution, gambling, drug use)
What are factors increasing risk of arrest?
The more serious the situation, victim's preference, suspect is uncooperative, prior arrest, presence of bystanders, and person of african or latino descent
What refers to the techniques and strategies for preventing deviant human behavior in any society?
Social control
What refers to going along with peers?
Conformity
What is compliance with higher authorities in a hierarchical structure?
Obedience
What is governmental social control?
Laws
What is a violation of criminal law for which some governmental authority applies formal penalties?
Crime
When the offender is motivated to choose a victim based on race, religion, ethnic group, national origin, or sexual orientation, and when evidence shows that hatred prompted the offender to commit the crime?
Hate crime
What is crime that occurs across multiple national borders?
Transnational crime
What are crimes that include murder, rape, robbery, and assault-all of which are violent crimes committed against people-as well as property crimes of burglary, larceny-theft, motor vehicle theft, and arson?
Index crimes
What is disproportionately devoted to property crimes, whereas most citizens are more worried about violent crimes?
Crime index
What in terms of real value, adjusted for inflation, is lower today than it has been since 1950?
Minimum wage
What is based on the estimated amount of money required to live? ($23,050 for a family of four, $11,170 for a single adult)
Poverty line
What exists when people do not have the means to secure the necessities of life?
Absolute poverty
What exists when people may be able to afford necessities but still are unable to maintain an average standard of living?
Relative poverty
How many children were living in poverty in 2010?
16.5 million
What was the child poverty rate?
22.0 percent
What was the poverty rate for African-American children?
38.2 percent
What was the poverty rate for Hispanic children?
35.0 percent
What was the poverty rate for children living in female-headed families?
49.6 percent
What refers to the trend in which women are disproportionately represented among individuals living in poverty?
Feminization of poverty
What is a system by which a society ranks categories of people in a hierarchy?
Social stratification
What are the four principles of stratification?
-It is a characteristic of society, not simply a function of individual differences
-Social stratification persists over generations
-Although universal, it varies in form
-Social stratification rests on widely held beliefs
What is the value of all of a person’s or family’s economic assets; income, personal property, and income producing property?
Wealth
What is the respect that an occupation holds?
Prestige
What is the respect that a person has earned in an occupation?
Esteem
What is the ability of people or groups of people to achieve their goals despite opposition from others?
Power
What is a measure of social class using income, education, and occupation?
Socioeconomic status
1% of the population ($250,000+), Wealthiest and most powerful class in the US, A mix of entrepreneurs, well-educated professionals and top CEO's, as well as celebrities and professional athletes?
The upper class
15% of the population. Any of these factors often qualify people: Post-graduate degree, Authority and independence on the job, High income, ($150,000 +)
Upper middle class
34% of the population (top tier $100,00), have secure positions in their jobs and more opportunities for advancement, slowly being squeezed by two growing groups, the rich and the poor?
Middle class
30% of the population ($23-32), Less financial security, Education more likely in a specific occupation, Jobs more likely to be “blue collar”?
Working class
About 16% of the population ($18-23), Income just above or below the poverty line, Employed single mothers often belong to this class; consequently children are over-represented here, Very little job security, Periodic unemployment is a constant problem?
Working poor
About 4% of the population (below the poverty line), Poor, Seldom employed, Caught in long term deprivation cycle, Reasons: age, disability, discrimination because of race/ethnicity, single mothers who can’t afford day care or who can’t find jobs that are supportive?
The underclass
What is a condition in which members of society have differing amounts of wealth, prestige, or power?
Social inequality
What refers to salaries and wages?
Income
What is an inclusive term encompassing all a person's material assets, including land, stocks, and other types of property?
Wealth
What are hereditary ranks that are usually religiously dictated and that tend to be fixed and immobile?
Castes
What required peasants to work land leased to them by nobles in exchange for military protection and other services. Also known as feudalism?
Estate system
What is a social ranking based primarily on economic position in which achieved characteristics can influence social mobility?
Class system
What is an economic system in which the means of production are held largely in private hands and the main incentive for economic activity is the accumulation of profits?
Capitalism
What is a term for the capitalist class, comprising the owners means of production, such as factories and machinery?
Bourgeoisie
What is the working class in a capitalist society?
Proletariat
What is a subjective awareness of common vested interests and the need for collective political action to bring about social change?
Class consciousness
What is an attitude held by members of a class that does not accurately reflect their objective position?
False consciousness
What refers to a group of people who have a similar level of wealth and income?
Class
What refers to people who have the same prestige or lifestyle?
Status group
What is the ability to exercise one's will over another?
Power
What is referred to as purchasing goods not to survive but to flaunt superior wealth and social standing?
Conspicuous consumption
What describes a set of cultural beliefs and practices that helps to maintain powerful social, economic, and political interests?
Dominant ideology
What measures social class and assigns individuals to social classes on the basis of criteria such as occupation, education, income, and place of residence?
Objective method
What is employment that is poorly paid, and from the worker's perspective, insecure and unprotected?
Precarious work
Who are the long-term poor that lack training and skills?
Underclass
What are the opportunities to provide one with material goods, positive living conditions, and favorable life experiences
Life chances
What refers to the movement of individuals or groups from one position in a society's stratification system to another?
Social mobility
Which social system is the position of each individual influenced by his or her achieved status?
Open system
Which social system allows little or no possibility of individual social mobility?
Closed system
What is the movement of an individual from one social position to another of the same rank?
Horizontal mobility
What is the movement of an individual from one social position to another of a different rank?
Vertical mobility
What involves changes in the social position of children relative to their parents?
Intergenerational mobility
What involves changes in social position within a person's adult life?
Intragenerational mobility