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121 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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____ ______ is defined as a significant alteration over time in behavior patterns and culture, including NORMS and VALUES
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social change
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Human beings are both ____ ______ and _____ ______
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social products & social forces
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______ Theory on social change - society is viewed as moving in a definite direction
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Evolution
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The idea that societies will follow a singular path from simple to complex is ______
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flawed
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_____ Theory on social change - social change is rooted in the principle that societies naturally seek to attain stability or balance
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Equilibrium
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Any social change that occurs represents necessary adjustments as society seeks to return to that state of _____
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equilibrium
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_____ theory on social change - _____ is a normal and desirable aspect of social change
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Conflict
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According to the _____ theory, change must be encouraged as a means of eliminating social inequality
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conflict
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2 goals of sociology
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1. think twice about what you know
2. learn how individuals are influenced by society |
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____ are more than personal relationships, they are an important social institution
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families
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____ family - 1 mother father, no divorces, father works full time, mother stays home, children present
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monolithic
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In reality, only 10% of American families are ________
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monolithic
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T/F
the term family does NOT have a fixed meaning |
true
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Divorce rate and family size both _______
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decreasing
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the term and idea of family are _____ _______
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socially constructed
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The meaning of ____ changes in response to a wiide variety of social, economic, political, cultural and personal conditions
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family
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Family is something you __
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do
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Individual preferences and social structual factors in mate selection both play a role in finding a partner, however, ____ _____ factors are usually overlooked when research shows they play an enormous role
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social structural
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____ _____ factors usually are first in mate selection, followed by individual preferences
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Social Structural
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____ ______ - choice of whom to marry provides a good way to illustrate the effects of social structure
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marital homogamy
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Research shows that race, age, religion, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, and geographic proximity play a key role in how one chooses a ____
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mate
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T/F
Nearly all cohabiters eventually marry |
True
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T/F
It is getting less common for cohabitating couples to have children on purpose |
False - More Commmon
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Premarital cohabitation is associated with a higer subsequent risk of divorce, because ____ ______ of cohabiting couples
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Self-selection
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There is more _______ in cohabitating relationships than in marriage
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violence
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The more __________ a person has the less likely he or she is to have cohabited
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education
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T/f
Husbands say wives are best friends, while wives say another female friend is theres |
True
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________ marriages were illegal l until the 60's
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interracial
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_____ ____ marriages legal in Mass, Conn, Iowa, and Vermont
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Same-sex
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The Fed. Govt. ________ recognize same-sex marriages
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DOESNT
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There are very ______ differences between homosexual couples and heterosexual couples
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FEW
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_______ is the recognized violation of cultural norms
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deviance
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______ is a category of deviance
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crime
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Deviance is shaped by ____
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society
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Deviance varies according to ____ ____
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cultural norms
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People become deviant as others _____ them that way
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define
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Both norms and the way people define rule-breaking involve _____ power
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social
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_____ said deviance is a necessary part of social organization
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Durkheim
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_______ - state of normlessness according to DURKHEIM
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anomie
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_______ encourages social change
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deviance
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______ ______ Theory - society can be set up in a way that encourages too much deviance, and the type of deviance people engage in depends on whether a society provides them the means to achieve cultural goals
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Merton's Strain
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_____ - gap between goals and means according to MERTON
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Anomie
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_________ lies in pursing cultural goals through approved means, according to Merton's Strain Theory
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Conformity
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______ _______ Theory says all indviduals are potential law violators
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Social Bonding
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Social bonding theory says that people who are well integrated into society are less likely to engage in ______ behavior
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deviant
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4 terms associated with the social bonding theory
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1. attachment
2. commitment 3. involvement 4. belief |
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_______ ______ theory says people start off as blank states
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Differential Associaton Theory
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According to the ____ ______ Theory, people commit crimes for the same reasons they conform
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Differential Association
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According to the _____ ____ theory, crime is produced by normal learning process, and is a result of more anti-social definitions
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Differential Association
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_____ maintain public order by enforcing the law
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police
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In most cases, US courts resolve most cases through _____ ________
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plea bargainin
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Through plea bargaining, this method puts ____ ________ people at a disadvantage
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less advantage
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_____ rely on an adversarial process in which attorneys present their cases in the presence of a judge who monitors legal procedures
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Courts
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_____ milion people in jail
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2.1
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purpose of ________ was to repair defects in prisoners and return them to society to be productive, well-functioning citizens
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prisons
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_____ _________ by David Garland implies a rate of incarceration significantly above the historical and comparative norm, and that 'systematic imprisonment of whole groups of the population'
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Mass Imprisonment
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For a ____ time, the nuclear family in the US dominated family forms
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brief
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family systems do not evolve in a ______ fashion, but become more or less complex at different times depending on economic and social conditions
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linear
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Skeptics say that children's well-being has more to do with their family's _____ and its form
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resources
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Different forms of ____ are highly correlated with marital stability
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capital
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Furstenberg believes that we should direct more _____ to low-income children, regardless of their family form
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resources
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The practice of living together as a male–female couple without marrying.
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cohabitation
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Two unrelated adults who have chosen to share a mutually caring relationship, reside together, and agree to be jointly responsible for their dependents, basic living expenses, and other common necessities.
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Domestic Partnership
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An authority pattern in which spouses are regarded as equals.
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Egalitarian famliy
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The restriction of mate selection to people within the same group.
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Endogamy
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The requirement that people select mates outside certain groups.
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Exogamy
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A family in which relatives—such as grandparents, aunts, or uncles—live in the same household as parents and their children.
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Extended family
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A definition of families that focuses on what families do for society and for their members.
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Functionalist definition of familes
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The conscious or unconscious tendency to select a mate with personal characteristics similar to one's own.
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homogamy
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A form of marriage in which one woman and one man are married only to each other.
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Monogamy
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A married couple and their unmarried children living together.
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nuclear family
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A society in which men dominate in family decision making.
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patriarchy
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A form of polygamy in which a woman may have more than one husband at the same time.
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polyandry
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A form of marriage in which an individual can have several husbands or wives simultaneously.
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polygamy
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A form of polygamy in which a man may have more than one wife at the same time.
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polygyny
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A form of marriage in which a person may have several spouses in his or her lifetime, but only one spouse at a time.
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serial monogamy
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Durkheim's term for the loss of direction felt in a society when social control of individual behavior has become ineffective.
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anomie
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Merton's theory of deviance as an adaptation of socially prescribed goals or of the means governing their attainment, or both.
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Anomie theory of deviance
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The act of going along with peers—individuals of our own status who have no special right to direct our behavior.
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conformity
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A view of conformity and deviance that suggests that our connection to members of society leads us to systematically conform to society's norms.
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control theory
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A violation of criminal law for which some governmental authority applies formal penalties.
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crime
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A school of criminology that argues that criminal behavior is learned through social interactions.
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cultural transmission
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Behavior that violates the standards of conduct or expectations of a group or society.
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deviance
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A theory of deviance that holds that violation of rules results from exposure to attitudes favorable to criminal acts.
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differential association
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Differences in the way social control is exercised over different groups.
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differential justice
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Social control that is carried out by authorized agents, such as police officers, judges, school administrators, and employers.
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formal social control
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The eight types of crime reported annually by the FBI in the Uniform Crime Reports: murder, forcible rape, robbery, aggravated assault, burglary, larceny-theft, motor vehicle theft, and arson.
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index crimes
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Social control that is carried out casually by ordinary people through such means as laughter, smiles, and ridicule.
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informal sociat control
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An approach to deviance that attempts to explain why certain people are viewed as deviants while others engaged in the same behavior are not.
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labeling theory
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Governmental social control.
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law
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Compliance with higher authorities in a hierarchical structure.
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obedience
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The techniques and strategies for preventing deviant human behavior in any society.
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social control
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A questionnaire or interview given to a sample of the population to determine whether people have been victims of crime.
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victimization survey
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A term used by sociologists to describe the willing exchange among adults of widely desired, but illegal, goods and services.
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victimless crime
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Illegal acts committed by affluent, "respectable" individuals in the course of business activities.
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white-collar crime
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A period of maladjustment when the nonmaterial culture is still struggling to adapt to new material conditions.
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culture lag
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The view that society tends toward a state of stability or balance.
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equillibrium model
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A theory of social change that holds that society is moving in a definite direction.
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evolutionary theory
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A term used by Karl Marx to describe an attitude held by members of a class that does not accurately reflect their objective position.
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false consciousness
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Rebellious craft workers in 19th-century England who destroyed new factory machinery as part of their resistance to the Industrial Revolution.
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Luddites
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An organized collective activity that addresses values and social identities, as well as improvements in the quality of life.
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new social movement
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The process of recognizing the impact our individual position has on who we are and how we think and act, and of and taking responsibility for the impacts our actions have on others.
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personal sociology
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The process of bringing the insights gained through sociological observation and analysis into the public sphere, thereby seeking to bring about positive social change
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public sociology
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The conscious feeling of a negative discrepancy between legitimate expectations and present actualities.
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relative deprivation
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The ways in which a social movement utilizes such resources as money, political influence, access to the media, and personnel.
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resource mobilization
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Significant alteration over time in behavior patterns and culture, including norms and values.
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social change
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An organized collective activity to bring about or resist fundamental change in an existing group or society.
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social movement
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Cultural information about how to use the material resources of the environment to satisfy human needs and desires.
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technology
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Those people or groups who will suffer in the event of social change, and who have a stake in maintaining the status quo.
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vested interests
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Responding to deviance clarifies ______ ____
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moral boundries
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Responding to deviance brings ______ _____
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people together
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Without this theory, everyone would commit criminal acts
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social bond theory
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According to the ____ _____ theory, crime is a result of more anti-social definitions
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differential association
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According to the ______ _____, as change occurs in one part of society, adjustments must be made in other parts
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Equilibrium model
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3 Theories on Social Change
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1. Equilibrium
2. Control 3. Evolutionary |
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the _____ definition of family: 2 or more persons who are related by birth, marriage, or adoption who live together as one household
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US
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the ______ definition of family: a set of people related by blood, marriage, adoption, and/or chosen ties who engage in some sort of chosen reciprocal relationship
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class
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age, gender, race, social class, and religion are all ________ _________ in finding a mate
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social structural
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In some ways, cohabitation seems to have ____ affect on later marriage
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little
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Black ____ have the highest odds overal of marrying a person of the same racial ethnic group
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women
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About ____'s of black-white couples are those with a black husband and a white wife
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2/3
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