Soci 390 Final

Front 1

sex

Back 1

Sex refers to a biological way of distinguishing male from female: genitalia, chromosomes, etc.

Front 2

gender

Back 2

a society’s division
of people into differentiated
categories of “men” and “women”

Front 3

sex/gender system

Back 3

no pure uncultured, asocial sex on the one hand and a cultured, social gender on the other—they become conjoined

Front 4

institutions (examples)

Back 4

family, school, religion, medicine

Front 5

gender shapes (individual level)

Back 5

-how we perceive ourselves
-how we present ourselves
-how we are perceived by others

Front 6

cyclical nature of gender

Back 6

gendered interactions/socialization/roles

differences create gendered organizations/institutions

Front 7

sex assignment

Back 7

given to you at birth by doctors, then becomes gendered

Front 8

gender roles

Back 8

norms that a society assigns to each gender for how they should act

Front 9

gender attribution

Back 9

giving gender to people: as a result differential treatment/expectations/roles

Front 10

gender _____ social structure

Back 10

gender creates social structure

Front 11

dual sex/gender system

Back 11

is hegemonic. only two categories: male and female

Front 12

disease/illness

Back 12

disease - bio aspects of poor health
illness - the social/cultural aspects of disease

Front 13

biomedical model assumptions about disease

Back 13

- diseases have specific causes that can be located in the body

That illnesses have the same symptoms and outcomes in any social situation

disease is a deviation from normal physiological functioning

Front 14

Social constructionists

Back 14

the way in which we come to know, make meaning out of, or give voice to our experiences are mediated through culture—are socially constructed.

-trying to understand.explain disease/pain/suffering puts it in a social process

Front 15

WHO def. of health

Back 15

complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease

prerequisites:
- freedom from war
- equal opportunity
- basic food, water, sanitation, edcation,housing
- secure work
- useful role in society
- political will and public support

_ health is relational, and embedded in bodies

Front 16

models of health
biomed vs. social

Back 16

individiuals vs community
biomedical solutions to ill health vs social & political solutions to ill health

Front 17

cultural capital

Back 17

The ideas and knowledge people draw on as they participate in social life

Front 18

Social Stratification

Back 18

ranking large groups of people into a hierarchy according to their relative privilege

social process: wealth, power, and prestige are distributed systematically and unequally

Front 19

Gender Stratification

Back 19

-heirarchy acording to gender
-unequal access according to gender

Front 20

ideology

Back 20

works sublty through institutions

ideas/doctrines of dom social group

Front 21

sexism

Back 21

ideology - women are unequal to men

institutional practices by which women are controlled and discrim against

Front 22

intersexuality

Back 22

sex characteristics that somehow fall outside the range of what is considered normal male or normal female.

Front 23

concept of normal

Back 23

relies on variation but we forget about this

Front 24

disorders of sex development prevlances

Back 24

1 in 1000 to 1 in 10,000

1/100 have bodies diff from male or female
1-2/1000 receive surgry to normalize genital experience

Front 25

medicalization

Back 25

The process by which aspects of life previously outside of the realm of medicine come to be seen as medical problems

Certain behaviors, conditions, or experiences are given medical meaning -- defined in terms of health and illness.
Look to medicine for solution.

Front 26

john money

Back 26

- did sex surgeries
- impt to "fix" ambiguous sex
- if body matched gender assignments socialization would be normal

Front 27

medical model for intersexuality (3 elements)

Back 27

- its a medical problem
(usually not, makes them feel abnormal when they have so many surgeries)
- secrecy
- sex can be medically assigned

Front 28

goals of medically assigning sex

Back 28

- preservation of reproductive capacity (ie. tendency to restructure as female)
- preservation/construction of socially acceptable/functional/hetrosexual penis

Front 29

how is medical sex assignment gendered?

Back 29

masculinity:
- needs to be able to penetrate a woman
- needs to be normal when compared to other boys

feminity:
- sexual pleasure not impt only ability to reproduce

Front 30

Intersexuality as a battle site about sex/gender theory

Back 30

Medical management of intersexuality highlights the profound discomfort that occurs when the link between body shape and gender dichotomy is disrupted.
**Forces us to question 2-sex/binary system

Front 31

social change (intersexuality)

Back 31

ISNA advocates for end to surgical treatment of intersex conditions

Front 32

concealment centered model vs. patient centered model

Back 32

concealment
- abnormality, rare
- gender determined by nurture
-psychosocial emergency, asap surgery
- gender assigned at birth should be decided by doctors based on tests and surgery to mimic that gender (clit reduction, construction of vagina, penis)

patient centered
- variation, uncommon
- whether nature or nuture is irrelevant, accept them for who they are
- only do surgery if they want it
- gender assigned at birth should be assigned after tests and with input of parents but no surgery until child is old enough to decide

Front 33

1945, women start living longer. why?

Back 33

theory: women are predisposed to live longer, women dying during birth brought down life expectancy but after 1945 less women died from giving birth

Front 34

lfie expectancy convergence, diff in men/women in countries with high LE vs. low LE

Back 34

2030
- LLE: women have more health problems: aids, childbirth
HLE: women and men have 5 years diff

Front 35

NA cause of death (men vs. women)

Back 35

- men more: heart disease, ciculatory disease, lng cancer,
- more cancer, cirrhosis, accidence and violence, suicide

women
- more HIV/AIDS
-breast cancer
-lung cancer is actually increasing while mens is going down

Front 36

women and illness

Back 36

- 2x as likely to report anxiety/depression
- bedridden for 35% more days
- 25% more restricted in activities cause of health probs

Front 37

LE sex differences explained by phgy

Back 37

- more female fetuses spontaneously aborted and stillborn
- menopause
- estrogen might protect from heart probs (testosterone increases cholestrol)
- maternal mortality

Front 38

LE sex diff explained social/clturally

Back 38

Occupation (women less employed)
Violence
Education
Income (lower for females)

Front 39

LE sex diff explained by behaviour

Back 39

Accidents,
motor vehicles,
homicide
Smoking

Front 40

women and stress

Back 40

they have more

Front 41

LE sex diff explained by social construction of masculinity

Back 41

hegemonic masculinity
culturally normative ideal of male behavior exists, which is calculated to guarantee the dominant position of some men over others, and the subordination of women over men.

Front 42

hegemonic masculinity (characteristics)

Back 42

- aggressiveness, strength, ambition, and self-reliance
- Violence against women and against other men
- most socially endorsed

Front 43

Gender relations

Back 43

Signifies a power differential, not just “different” but their relative status in relation to one another

Front 44

amplification

Back 44

differences in biology are enhanced by socialization (ie. men born stronger, encouraged to work out more)

Front 45

supression

Back 45

differences in biology are reduced by socialization (ie. women born to live longer, but live shorter cause of hardships)

Front 46

Differential Exposure Hypothesis

Back 46

accumulation of different (and often gender-specific) factors that modify health throughout the lifetime. For example (not any data; armchair speculation, really), at a time when women primarily stayed in the home, they would be exposed to a host of different chemicals from cleaning, cooking, etc. And of course this is socially shaped. Different activites-> Different related health outcomes.

Front 47

Differential Vulnerability Hypothesis

Back 47

shift in psychological methods for coping with stress whose effects later have deleterious health effects. These effects are posited to stem from differential exposure to certain stressors in early childhood (i.e. young girls are more likely to be sexually assaulted).

Front 48

endocrine disruptors

Back 48

chemicals that interfere with hormone (endocrine) systems

Front 49

women's health as a civil rights issue

Back 49

- bodies a site of oppression against women (forced reproduction/sterility)
- medicine is a patriarchal institution
- reconception of medical problems as political problems

Front 50

sociological imagination

Back 50

Rethink individuals’ health problems as social and political problems.

Front 51

oppression of women in biomedicine

Back 51

1) as patients (service)
2) as providers (lowest status/lowest paid)

Front 52

What makes a social movement emerge at a particular time?

Back 52

Structural conditions
1)Skills and knowledge of collective action
other social movements going on at the same time (ie. civil rights)
2)Substantive Issues
things that are present issues
(ie. thalidomide controversy, abortion & birth control)

Front 53

abortion/contraception legality

Back 53

- illegal in canada till 1969 (hospitalized), clinical/other illegal until 1988
>unless serving the public good
- was statified by race & class

Front 54

roe vs. wade

Back 54

made abortion legal in states in 1973

Front 55

teratogenic

Back 55

causing problems in the fetus

Front 56

reconfiguring knowledge

Back 56

Knowledge seen as means to empower women in biomedical encounters.
- medical knowledge should not be exclusive to physicians (reduce power in role)

Front 57

why no tests for drugs on women?

Back 57

- thought it could hurt pregnant women
- easier to clear a drug with homogeneous testing population (less variation), still exists cause ppl with comorbidities are excluded even tho they are most likely to use drugs

Front 58

why is unrestricted abortion seen as problematic by feminists?

Back 58

- makes abortion an escape rather than dealing with upstream causes of why women need abortions to begin with

Front 59

symmetrical relationships in women-centred clinics

Back 59

(knowledge and power intentionally & explicitly shared)

Front 60

McGill Birth Control Handbook (1968)

Back 60

- talked about racist double standard of abortion/birth control
- bc pill empowered women but testing was done on stratified people
- one of the first references like this to exist
- using bc to stunt pop growth of certain demographics (racist)

Front 61

diversity/inequality in womens health movement

Back 61

White middle class women: focus on education, self-help and empowerment, and legislative changes. (healthcare)

Women of color, poor and working class women, and Third World women: focus on fundamental issues of economic justice. (health status)

Front 62

stratified reproduction

Back 62

priv: want access to contraception
non-priv: want safe health care, resist non consensual sterilization

Front 63

margaret sanger

Back 63

- racist, approved of eugenics
- started birth control movement

Front 64

lesbians and womens health movement

Back 64

- movement not radical enough
- too much focus on reproduction, abortion (straight issues)
- no/less lesbian voices

Front 65

co-optation

Back 65

- “To take or assume for one's own use; appropriate”
- done by biomedicine to womens health movement
ex: PMS drugs
ex: tampon commercials

Front 66

stratified health

Back 66

unequal distribution of health and illness

Front 67

how health is stratified by class

Back 67

countries with less gap b/w ric and poor have HLE and better health outcmes

Front 68

class impacts health (3 ways)

Back 68

social capital
early life-course effects
neighbourhood effects

Front 69

early life-course effects

Back 69

development is altered by early life course differences

Front 70

what are negative neighbourhood effects (3) ?

Back 70

1. environmental degradation
2. high concentration or fear of violence
3. less access to protective factors
ie. outdoor space, healthy foods, "food deserts"

Front 71

elements of a hood (3 groups)

Back 71

context
physical space
subjective/psych space
collection of resources and institutions
unit of measurement (census, political ridings)

compostion
collection of ppl with indivudal and aggregate characteristics

collective
social, cultural, historical characteristics of a place

Front 72

food desert

Back 72

- less/no access to fresh produce
- less markets
- less healthy food compared to HI areas even after controlling for income

Front 73

asthma case study

Back 73

hypothesis: material and social resources cluster on hood level and impact asthma rates

methodology
- use age 45-64
- sort on SES (household income, % poverty, household rent)
Housing data (% subsidized, age & condition of buildings
Environmental load profile (proxies: source polluting facilities, noxious land uses, truck routes)

results
- asthma and low income correlate
- environmental load and low SES correlate

Front 74

Why is there a Race & SES link?

Back 74

Segregation.
Pathways
Segregation > segregated schools > limited education opportunity
limited employment

Front 75

example for race as SDOH

Back 75

SES controlled for, whites and black in same hood, infant mortality is higher for black than white

Front 76

class is a relational SDOH

Back 76

effects are conditioned by other SDOHs (ie. sexuality, race,age, gender)

Front 77

predetermined biological explnation for racial disparities in health (3 flawed assumptions)

Back 77

-race is a valid biological category
-genes that determine race are the same genes that determine health
-health of a population is largely determined by the biological constitution of the population.

Front 78

how does racism impact access/quality of care?

Back 78

- physician treatment of patients and biases

Front 79

canadian stats on racism

Back 79

- blacks have less jobs and less income even though they are equally educated
- racialized women have had less pap tests
- less analgesic given to racialized people

Front 80

physician ratings (racism)

Back 80

Controlling for: patient age, sex, race, SES, health status; physician age, sex, race/ethnicity, specialty.

Physicians’ ratings:
B<W no risk of alcohol/drug abuse
B<W no risk for noncompliance
B<W desiring active lifestyle
B<W no risk for low social support
B<W “kind of person could be friends with”
B less intelligent & educated
51% less likely “very intelligent”
63% less likely “very/somewhat educated”

Front 81

Bem's gender role orientation theory

Back 81

two scales one for high/low masc and one for high/low feminity
- health benefits for masculine role traits for both men and women

Front 82

Where can we see how hegemonic masculinity affects men’s health?

Back 82

Men and occupation
Men and sport

Front 83

concussions

Back 83

multiple concussions are the real risk

Front 84

CTE chronic traumatic encephalopathy

Back 84

alzheimers symptoms but at 40s-50s

Front 85

teens in sports

Back 85

high risk of head injury
kids forced to get MRIs according to youth hockey canada
higher risk for students than professional atheletes

Front 86

impacts of racism on childbirth

Back 86

- high stress triggers labour (often premature)
- constricts placenta (less nourishment for child)
- inflames uterus wall

Front 87

african americans at all SES (racism effects) are less likely to:

Back 87

- get job interviews (even if clean record compared to white criminals)
- denied mortgages more often

Front 88

how often you think about your race

Back 88

more as a racialized individual

Front 89

structural racism

Back 89

ex: labour market, legislative representation

Front 90

interpersonal racism

Back 90

ex: constant suspicion, marginalization (observed or experienced), HCP interactions, fault assumption, surprise @ competence

Front 91

internalized racism

Back 91

ex: stereotype threat, mental space

Front 92

medicalization of things that used to be considered:

Back 92

- normal
- under the realm of other social institutions

Front 93

postive consequences of medicalization

Back 93

Alleviates blame
Decriminalize
Open up space for treatment and relief of suffering
Breaks silence
Garners resources (money, research, technology) to a previously ignored problem
Prevents discrimination (i.e., ineligibility for certain jobs, for insurance)

Front 94

negative consequences of medicalization

Back 94

May be stigmatized
once diagnosed may be socially isolated or shunned.
Reinforce dominant ideologies
Delineation of “normal” vs. “abnormal”
There is an inherent power differential in medicalization:
Dependence on physicians or other actors of medicine.
May shift attention away from other potential responses and remedies.
Turns a “social problem” into a purely medical problem.

Front 95

sources of medicalization

Back 95

- Cultural Climate
- Medical Profession
- Pharmaceutical Industry
- People Experiencing Symptoms
- The State

Front 96

feminist response to medicalization

Back 96

women’s bodies have been paradoxically medicalized and excluded from medicine

Front 97

co-optative medicalization

Back 97

expansion of medicine into women’s lives for upper and middle class white women.
ex2: reproductive functions medicalized

Front 98

exclusionary disciplining

Back 98

simultaneous exclusionary nature of medicine. This has meant ignoring the needs of particularly women of color and poor women and erecting barriers to care.
ex2: women were not beleived to be able to suffer from heart disease, discluded from clinical trials

Front 99

dual tendencies of medicalization/stratified medicalization

Back 99

co-optative properties/exclusionary properties

Front 100

liberal feminist vs. radical feminist

Back 100

liberal feminist
- right to vote, equal pay, equal vote

radical feminist
- those things dont change the institution, need more than equality. these are systemic

Front 101

process of medicalization

Back 101

Psychologization>medicalization>behavior and lifestyle> geneticization?

-all of these individualize conditions and pathologize them
-puts responsibility on people individual

Front 102

morality and health

Back 102

- moral good citizens take care of their bodies
ie. people who are fat are lazy and bad human beings

Front 103

prozac et SSRIs

Back 103

depression (diagnoses of depression greatly increased)

Front 104

Sarafem

Back 104

for pre menstrual disorder
- prozac patent was about to expire (2001), so gave it a new name and use and for PreMenstrual Discordance Disorder (same compound: fluroxetine)
- doctors can prescribe it off-label (even if someone doesnt have PMDD (more severe than PMS) the doctor can give it to PMS patients
-viagara is a good example of this, was approved for a small subset of men and now can be prescribed by anyone

Front 105

Horomone Replacement Therapy

Back 105

for menopause. but menopause is normal for aging population. why dont we have hormone treatment for aging then?

Front 106

Birth Control (seasonale)

Back 106

to treat/get rid of regular periods (4 per year rather than 12)

Front 107

Viagara

Back 107

impotence/ sexual performance

Front 108

testosterone patch

Back 108

for menopausal syndomes

Front 109

why the medicalization of PMS

Back 109

- gynecologists could be trying to legitimize existence when fewer babies are being born
- could be due to pharmaceutical company driven medicalization
- could also be medicine addressing symptoms women have been dealing with for years

Front 110

diagnostic bracket creep

Back 110

expansion of drug use beyond originally approved uses
non drug examples: high cholestrol (the threshold for high cholesterol has consistently dropped)

Front 111

the negatives to medicalization of appearance

Back 111

Fragments the body
pathologizes its parts
Surgery= treatment to the “pathologies”

Becomes easier to justify the invasive and often dangerous procedures on otherwise and apparently healthy bodies

Front 112

medicalization of appearances examples

Back 112

cosmetic surgery, obesity, botox, baldness, laser hair removal

Front 113

medicine and standards of beauty

Back 113

standards of appearance are coming from popular culture, they are ALSO coming from medicine
- And these ideals are themselves shaped by racist ideologies (everyone wants to look white)

Front 114

Dr. Kenneth Kim

Back 114

does surgery for korean people (1 in 9 koreans get plastic surgery) to look more white (nose lifts, double eyelids, etc)

Front 115

medicalization of lifestyle (why? 3 reasons)
(examples? 3 examples)

Back 115

Medicine to improve:
Quality of life
Lifestyle characteristics
Inconveniences

Examples:
BCP for mild acne
Seasonale for fewer periods
Baldness medications

Front 116

early medicalization that impacted males more than females

Back 116

alcoholism
hyperactivity (ADHD drugs given mostly to boys in early days)
homosexuality

Front 117

how are men medicalized?

Back 117

- to fit hegemonic masculine ideals/Type A personality

Front 118

medicalization of male aging

Back 118

- testosterone replacement
- viagara

Front 119

androgel

Back 119

- a testosterone sex hormone gel that is making $27 mil a year

Front 120

3 stages of medicalization relatng to gender

Back 120

1) not gender specific
2) gendered to women
3) gendered to both men and women

Front 121

models of health (3 kinds)

Back 121

biomedical model
constructivism
social model

Front 122

diff b/w poor/rich blacks vs. poor/rich whites

Back 122

the income gap and LE gap is much smaller in the whites

Front 123

segregation's impact on health (4 categories

Back 123

1 poor housing
2 less public transport/municipal services
3 more crime, noise, less clean
4 targeted ads to groups is easier cause theyre segregated

Front 124

current day eugenics

Back 124

fertility treatment

Front 125

bill 312

Back 125

bill that tries to make what is considered life different (essentially make abortion illegal)

Front 126

radical handmaids

Back 126

group protesting bill 312

Front 127

pro-life arguements (2 of them)

Back 127

- women can find support one way or another
- killing a human being/gift from god

Front 128

US - virginia bill

Back 128

doctors rally against being mandated to perform medically unwarranted experience

Front 129

thalidomide ttesting

Back 129

done only on men

Front 130

howard from movie

Back 130

severe hypospadios|
surgery at 3 months
still doesnt have well formed or functional penis

Front 131

rick and tina movie

Back 131

ended up giving their child surgery, her vaginal canal was closed
- 30% chance to be homosexual
- not medically neccesary
- congenital adrenal hyperplasia

Front 132

androgen receptor defect

Back 132

can have a Y chromosome but not be a boy

Front 133

chromosomes vs. hormones determining sex

Back 133

chromosomes only play a role for first 6-7 weeks, afterwards, its hormones

Front 134

mosaic pattern

Back 134

both XX and XY cells in the same body

Front 135

point of the Bird and Reiker reading

Back 135

research on health has to find the biological and social forces that together shape elements of mens and womens health

Front 136

intersex society movement was helped by (2):

Back 136

- que*r activism
- transgender activism

Front 137

point of the Jordan-Young and Karkazis reading

Back 137

sex testing in sports should not happen, use what is legally written on their documents

Front 138

in underdeveloped countries, life expectancies for women and men are ____ why?

Back 138

the same , cause of AIDS affects moer women mostly

Front 139

amplification and suppression

Back 139

a biological difference being icnreased by society
a biological difference being decreased by society

Front 140

black people with same education as rest of canadians:

Back 140

- make less money
- have fewer jobs

Front 141

androgel

Back 141

a testosterone gel that is trying to increase off-label use through promoting testosterone level testing

Front 142

point of zimmerman readings on WHM

Back 142

medicine is an agent of social control,
there are tensions in the womens health movement (race, sexuality)

Front 143

point of Kline reading (WHM)

Back 143

- describes our bodies, ourselves book
- says that individual experiences are connected to cultural constraints, and presents letters to the editors of our bodies, ourselves

Front 144

zeldes and stephenson reading (WHM)

Back 144

- just to refirm our bodies ourselves book
- says that its been translated and adapted for different cultures across the world

Front 145

williams 2002 reading (race)

Back 145

- race comparisons must be made in health even among minorities
- health of minorities is influenced by their geographic, social, political, cultural contexts

Front 146

cummings and jackson (intersectionality)

Back 146

Black women who hold a college degree report worse health
than White men, White women, and Black men with a high school diploma

Front 147

annanandale and hunt (1993) (masc/fem and health)

Back 147

more masculity traits in both males and females is better health outcomes

Front 148

courtenay 2000 (masculinity and health)

Back 148

that masculine ideals push men to be less healthy, and women to be more healthy. this is a weakness in men and can rip some privelege from under their feet??

Front 149

conrad and leiter (medicalization and markets)

Back 149

- consumers, physicians, insurance and pharmas all contribute to medicalization
- corporations/consumers and insurers are becomin bigger players in the contribution to medicalization because of ability to promote directly they can skip the physician

Front 150

riska (gendered medicalization)

Back 150

- liberal feminists: consumer approach, want more medical care, just better informed
- mens health has also becomes gendered (sexuality)

Front 151

kaw (asian plastic surgery)

Back 151

medicalization based on gender and race ideologies is what pushes people to get these surgeries
medicine promotes these ideals along with consumerism

Front 152

mamo and fosket (seasonale)

Back 152

- seasonale is redefining what we think of as feminity
- periods are not normal and are somethign we shoudl strive to get rid of

Front 153

murray (fatness and medicalization)

Back 153

- our society tells us it is morally wrong to be fat, from individual weakness and unmanaged desires

Front 154

heterosexism

Back 154

characteristics of an ideological system that denies, denigrates, and stigmatizes any non-heterosexual form of behavior, identity, relationship, or community

Front 155

3 social factors of health to focus on with sexual minorities

Back 155

Sustainable (social) resources
Social justice
Equity

Front 156

problem of visibility

Back 156

more info about sexual minority health

Front 157

heteronormativity in healthcare

Back 157

a major issue in sexual minority health, need to improve attitudes in professionals and society

Front 158

major themes of sex. minority health (4)

Back 158

problem of visibility, heteronormativity in healthcare, multiple aspects of health, diversity within the community

Front 159

defining and measuring LGB population in canada:

Back 159

- canadians community health survey, other surveys, bisexual womens health outcomes

Front 160

major disparities in sex. minority health (5)

Back 160

Substance and alcohol abuse 
STIs and HIV/AIDS
Suicidal ideation
Depression, minority stress and anxiety
Cancer (smoking rates in non-heterosexual women)

Front 161

majority of sexual minority health info is for

Back 161

gay males and men who have sex with men (MSM). distinct needs for those who are out, and those closeted

Front 162

lesbian health needs excluded from (2)

Back 162

mainstream politics
qu*er politics

Front 163

mediating/aggrevating factors in health for sexual minorities (3)

Back 163

additive stress model,
age,
bisexuality

Front 164

Bisexuality— ‘just a phase’

Back 164

Bisexual women may have less access to social support, given the often negative attitudes of both heterosexuals and gays and lesbians toward bisexuality

Front 165

on the down low

Back 165

heterosexual racialized men have homosexual sex while in M-F long term relationships
- marginalized and subordinate masculinities combined

Front 166

bisexual bridge

Back 166

transmitting HIV from homosexual minority to heterosexual minority

Front 167

issues of accessibiltiy for sexual minorities (3)

Back 167

que*r freindly physicians, information, centres and resources

Front 168

social justice for sexual minorities and legislation

Back 168

- not being covered under health insurance
- less screening/preventative care
- legislative rights not reflected at frontline.
- forward strides: expanding definitions, training on diversity, specific programs for LGB

Front 169

fenway health

Back 169

an example of an LGB clinic in boston

Front 170

lombardi (transgender health)

Back 170

- needs to have specific educational tools
- need to validate their identity
- remove discrimination

Front 171

feinberg (transgender health)

Back 171

- talks about experiences with being denied healthcare
- the need to show trans population that it is ok to seek healthcare

Front 172

dysart-gale (nursing and LGBTIQ health)

Back 172

- that people, esp youth still face discrim attitudes despite legislative change
- prejudice has negative impacts on their health

Front 173

LG patients and HCPs (accessibility)

Back 173

- less than half thought their insurance plan allowed them to find an LGB doctor
- those who did were more likely to be old, white, male and feel comfortable discussing sex
- lesbians have a harder time disclosing sexual orientation and finding an LG provider

Front 174

Lesbian health needs

Back 174

- cervical/breast cancer screening
- WSW need STI info
- lesbian friendly spaces needed

Front 175

historical context of sex. minorities in sociology

Back 175

- 1940s: not recognized
- post war: feminist, counter culture movements,
- 1960s: homosexuality is deviance
-1970s: more focus on homosexuality (could be nature)

Front 176

gay & lesbian politics divide

Back 176

political organizing as primarily reflecting interests of white, middle-class gay men
conflicts over issues of racialization & sexuality
exclusion of lesbian identities and interests

Front 177

que*r theory

Back 177

- rejection of a unified homosexual subject
*IDs are multiple and changing
- radical politics of difference (the imptance of ID differences and what shapes them)

Front 178

GRID and gay plague prevention (vs. AIDS prevention)

Back 178

homophobic response to the discovery of HIV/AIDS
- focus on specific sexual risk group
vs.
-focus on universal risk practices

Front 179

transvestite

Back 179

- early 20th C; term applied primarily to men who wear women’s clothing
medical: ICD F64.1: fetishistic transvestism

Front 180

Transsexual (early meaning/disorder)

Back 180

medicalized as “gender identity disorder”
medical: DSM; ICD F64.0 – transsexualism
- someone who had medical intervention

Front 181

transgender

Back 181

- transsexual person without medical intervention
- encompasses a wide range of fluid and variable sex and gender variances (from qu*er theory)
- someone who has a perceived difference in secondary sex characteristics

Front 182

major trans health issues (3)

Back 182

overall health & well-being
HIV/AIDS
mental health

Front 183

unique trans helth issues (2)

Back 183

- health effects of hormone and surgical interventions (are they health promoting vs. increased risks)
- accessing healthcare (refusal/substandard treatment/shopping for transpositive providers)

Front 184

street hormones (example)

Back 184

- used by trans people who want to have hormone therapy but without medical supervision
- billy tipton, the jazz musician died this way

Front 185

strategies for improving trans health (5)

Back 185

Acknowledge authenticity of transgender individuals’ identities
0. avoid medicalized approach (i.e. gender identity disorder)
1.Lack of tolerance for discriminatory treatment/refusal to treat
2.Support for youth questioning their gender identity
3.Increased and better access to services
4.Cultural relevancy in research, policy, education, prevention, etc

Front 186

public health/womens health view of abortion (4)

Back 186

*Women are dying from unsafe abortions
*Women’s health depends on access to safe abortions
*Women will seek out abortions whether legal or not, or safe or not. Therefore, it is necessary to make sure that women are safe and healthy.
*Aim to reduce the number of abortions overall through public health measures

Front 187

abortion rates drop in countries where it is ______. abortion in these countries is (safe/unsafe). This country (is/is not) contributing for the reduction in # of abortions. It is also probably a (developed/developing) country

Back 187

legal, safe, is responsible, developed

Front 188

40% of women live countries where abortion has (restrictive/no law)

Back 188

restrictive law

Front 189

barriers to safe abortions (5)

Back 189

1) knowledge and awareness
2) high cost
3) lack of doctors
4) lack of confidentiality
5) legality

Front 190

abortion is legal in these countries but hard to access (2)

Back 190

india, zambia

Front 191

clandestine abortion numbers in developing countries, categories of types (5)

Back 191

numbers vary largely from place to place.
1) women themselves 2) woman to another woman 3)mexico ru46 abortion pill on black market 4) pharmacist performed 5)doctor/nurse/midwife

Front 192

what to do about global abortions?

Back 192

***Need to reduce number of unintended pregnancies
1/3 of all pregnancies are unintended
2/3 of those are due to lack of contraception
***Contraception rates are increasing globally
***More needs to be done in order to reduce maternal mortality- 1 woman dies every minute

Front 193

WHO definition of reproductive health

Back 193

people are able to have a responsible, satisfying and safe sex life and that they have the capability to reproduce and the freedom to decide if, when, and how often to do so

Front 194

contraception vs. family planning

Back 194

contraception is the tool for family planning (choosing # of children)

Front 195

types of contraception + examples (4)

Back 195

“Natural”: Fertility awareness, withdrawal, natural family planning
Barrier/Mechanical: Condoms, diaphragm and cervical cap, spermicides, intrauterine devices (IUD)
Hormonal: Oral contraceptives, contraceptive patch, vaginal ring, injectable, implants, intrauterine systems (IUS)
Surgical: Vasectomy and tubal ligation

Front 196

most common methods of contraception (3)

Back 196

Most common methods: Oral contraceptives, male condom, sterilization. male methods are common at every age

Front 197

plan B

Back 197

Prevents pregnancy when taken within 72 hours after unprotected intercourse
Reduces the risk of unplanned pregnancy by 90%
EC ≠ RU486 (medical abortion)
Will not interrupt an established pregnancy
Safe for almost all women

Front 198

unintended pregnancy (what it is, prevalnce, outcomes)

Back 198

both unwanted OR mistimed, 49% of pregnancies, 43% abortion, 48% live birth, 9% miscarriage

Front 199

adverse impacts of unintended pregnancies (4)

Back 199

Delayed prenatal care,
increased rates of premature birth,
lower rates of smoking cessation & breastfeeding,
large economic costs

Front 200

Finer and Henshaw (unitended pregnancy disparities)

Back 200

- poor/rich disparties have increased in the US, overall numbers have remained the same

Front 201

abortion prevalence in US and Canada

Back 201

1/4 of Canadian women will have had an abortion by the age of 44
1/3 of American women will have had an abortion by the age of 44

Front 202

abortions by gestational age in US/Can

Back 202

most before 9 weeks, 80% before 10 wks

Front 203

access to abortion in US and Can is restricted by (3)

Back 203

Provider shortage (geographic area in the country matters)
Anti-abortion legislation at federal, state and provincial level
Funding restrictions
Facility regulation
Targeted harassment of abortion patients and providers

Front 204

Why do women have unintended pregnancies?

Back 204

- 52% no contraception
- the rest, contraception failed

Front 205

issues with contraception methods (3)

Back 205

1) No method 100% effective
2) Pros and cons to every method:
Side effects
Contraindications
Cost
Efficacy
3) Difficult to achieve “perfect use” with the most commonly used reversible methods (pill, condoms)

Front 206

issues with contraception usage (8)

Back 206

1. Perception of low-risk of pregnancy (36%)
2. Ambivalence about pregnancy (23%)
3. Unprepared for sexual activity (17%)
4. Dissatisfaction with method (14%)
5. Partner issues (13%)
6. Life change
7. Problems accessing methods
8. Provider dissatisfaction (not happy with HCP)

Front 207

structural barriers to contraception in US vs. Canada

Back 207

US
1. Lack of mandated insurance coverage of contraception
2. Caps on refills
3. Short visits=poor counseling
4. Provider misinformation
5. Conscience clauses ()

Canada:
1. Difficulty locating primary care physician
2. Inconsistency of care
3. Short visits=poor counseling
4. Provider misinformation

Front 208

conscience clauses

Back 208

HCPs in the US can refuse service to contraceptions if it goes against their religion

Front 209

How can we reduce rates of unintended pregnancy?

Back 209

Increase use of long-acting contraceptives such as the IUD, include discussion of life change and life circumstance in contraceptive appointments

Front 210

Roberts (birth control movement and eugenics)

Back 210

-margaret sanger was a eugenicist
- the double standard of reproductive freedom/sterilization

Front 211

girlmom.com

Back 211

a website for yougn teen mothers, with open views about abortion and the ability of teens to raise children

Front 212

why did childbirth shift to hospitals from the home? (4 reasons)

Back 212

>Proliferation of hospitals in the 20th Century
Beds that needed patients
>Development of modern nursing
provided continuous observation and care
>Structured medical education
need for large numbers of women to be in one place for medical student experience
>Emergence of obstetrics as a specialization

Front 213

stratified medicalization in childbirth (4)

Back 213

>At first, it was upper and middle class women who moved to hospitals
>Poor women and rural women still gave birth at home
>Physicians for rich women, midwives for poor women
>Exclusion of midwives from hospitals until the 1970s in the US and UK

Front 214

medical authority in childbirth (2 methods)

Back 214

- using technologies to assist childbirth
- creating idea of medical problem, then being the ony one to solve it

Front 215

one-two punch (c-section as example)

Back 215

- technology undermines the natural system
- then technology is seen as the solution to fix it

*restrictive labour positions, epidurals (reduce pain), cause increased baby heart rate, c-section is determined to be needed

Front 216

Twilight sleep (what it does, what it means for medicalization, who wants it)

Back 216

- amnesia after labour
- only administered in hospitals
- required extra care: restraints, nurse attention
- desire for twilight sleep came from women themselves as well (medicalization of society)

Front 217

effects of medicalization of childbirth (3)

Back 217

- followed surgical model, different rooms
- woman is alone for labour and delivery
- fetus emerges as the 2nd patient (ultrasound, electronic monitoring, increased c-sections)

Front 218

why have c-sections increased if birth has not become more dangerous??? (5)

Back 218

1. Convenience for doctors/hospital staff
2. A way to make money for hospitals?
3. Fear of litigation/malpractice- use of other technologies
4, Patient choice
5. Belief that Cesareans are safer

Front 219

epidural rates (US/CAN, vs UK)

Back 219

59%, 45.7%: England 12%

Front 220

Responses to medicalization of childbirth (3, and explanations)

Back 220

1) Welcoming
Women who want greater “choice,” relief from pain and who agree that childbirth is an experience best managed by medicine.
2) Resistance
There has always been continuous lay and professional midwives offering home birth to a growing number of women as well as women who choose to have unassisted births.
Here, the idea that childbirth is a medical problem is totally rejected.
3) Pragmatic resistance and welcoming
Strategically draw from both of these models
they believe that pregnancy and childbirth are not medical “problems” per se, but that they can usefully benefit from some of what medicine has to offer, while also drawing on alternative models.
Rise in birthing centres and midwife-assisted hospital births are examples of this.

Front 221

leavitt (twilight sleep)

Back 221

- that feminist women wanted it cause they thoguht it was liberating
- they wanted to make their choice of painless or painful birth
- this was co-opted and make twilight sleep contribute to medicalization

Front 222

macdonald (contemporary midwfery)

Back 222

- natural childbirth is being defined by contemporary midwifery
- this is dangerous cause modern midwives use technoligies and hospital spaces
- also carries the message that women should be naturally competent and knowing
- each birth is individual

Front 223

illegal midwives on call article

Back 223

- there is a black market for midwives in mtl cause the demand for them is so high and the formal education is not appropriate

Front 224

rise in new reproductive technologies attributed to (3)

Back 224

1) The women’s health movement
2) Expansion of medical knowledge and technologies
3) Medicalization of reproduction

Front 225

pitosin

Back 225

helps contractions increase during birth

Front 226

birth control (good things, bad things)

Back 226

De-coupling reproduction from sex
Freeing women from the constraints of unwanted motherhood
Made the argument about “choice” of parenthood

bad:
Double-standard:
Testing of early Pill on minorities
Coercive use of long-lasting hormonal contraceptive for sterilization

Front 227

types of assisted reproductive technologies (3)

Back 227

1) sperm donation (usually done through a sperm bank)
2) intrauterine insemination
3) in vitro fertilization (not always effective, allows women to have children later in life)

Front 228

bodily commodification

Back 228

the transformation of goods and services (or things that may not normally be regarded as goods or services) into a commodity– giving something economic/market value where it didn’t have it before. DONE WITH BODY PARTS. organs, blood, issue, sperm, eggs, embryos, breast milk

Front 229

canadian law on buying eggs/sperm/gametes

Back 229

strict compared to US
illigeal here, you con import from the US as of this year

Front 230

consequences of bodily commodification (2)

Back 230

1. bodily autonomy (if it belongs to me, its my right to sell it)
2. there is potential for coersion in these transactions cause of social/economic differences

Front 231

new users of reproductive technologies

Back 231

lesbian users: using technologies designed for infertile women

Front 232

quebec IVF policy (arguments for/against)

Back 232

-medicare funding for IVF

pros:
1) Fertility is a disease, reproductive right issue
2) Public health protection to prevent multiple births
3) Equal access rather than just those who can afford it
4) Can put other kinds of restrictions/eligibility requirements/state’s interference in reproduction

cons:
1) $$ cost the system
2) Infertility isn’t a disease (social problem?)
3) Resource allocation– what’s not getting funded?
4) Reinforces cultural norms

Front 233

who are reproductive tech. available to?

Back 233

- single women? G&L? surrogacy (pay someone to be a surrogate mother), age restrictions?? gamete donation

Front 234

donating eggs vs. sperm (differences in value)

Back 234

- sex difference in value (sperms worth less, but egg donors might be getting paid less than they deserve cause of risks)
-racial difference in value
- do biological or cultural ideas shape this??

Front 235

what shapes market for eggs and sperm (4 clases of factors)

Back 235

1) Biological factors: bodily cells produced by male and female bodies
2) Economic factors: supply and demand for these materials
3) Cultural Factors: gendered norms of parenthood, desire for biological children
4) Structural Factors: organized model of fertility clinics for marketing, recruiting and procuring gametes

Front 236

sperm and egg sale advertising

Back 236

- people want donors who are like them
- certain traits can be selected for

Front 237

sibling registry

Back 237

- prevents incestuous results from 1 sperm donor donating to 100 different women

Front 238

sex selection (how its done)

Back 238

1. preimplantation gender diagnosis (knwoing what the sex of an IVF will be)
2. prenatal screening followed by selective termination

Front 239

legality of sex selection in NA

Back 239

- can be done cause of abortion laws and access to assited reproduction therapies

Front 240

feminist ethics vs. social harm caused by sex selection

Back 240

feminist ethics - isnt this a personal choice??
social harm:
1. child sex ratios in some parts of the world, reinforces structural sexism and patriarchy
2. permissive approach in northern industrialized countries could have dangerous effects beyond their borders – global accountability approach
3. Reproductive autonomy is not expansive reproductive choices always affect others

Front 241

sex selection (in india)

Back 241

- is illegal
- indian immigrants are most likley for their third child to be a boy
- 1.36 - 1.0 ratio

Front 242

mamo 2007 (lesbians and assisted reproduction technologies)

Back 242

lesbians pathways to pregnancy are hybrid technological practices
- combine women's health and biomedical knowledge in a way thats beneficial for them (pragmatic adjustments)
-they do not accept biomedicine blindly
-technologies of the self

Front 243

almeling 2007 (egg/sperm markets)

Back 243

- more altruistic rhetoric for egg donors, they are also valued much more (cause of gender roles and perceived rarity)
- costs of sperm donation: long term committment, abstinence
- costs of egg donation: reisk of hyperstimulation disorder, hormone therapy
- gift vs. commodity: how it influences our interpretation of a child

Front 244

scully (2006) (morals of sex selection)

Back 244

- people offered many reasons why reproductive choice might be problematic
- sex selection is undesirable because it is an expression of parental prefernce rather than response to need of the child
- captured by a model of relational autonomy

Front 245

puri et al 2011 (reasons for indian sex selection)

Back 245

1)sociocultural roots of son preference; 2) women’s early socialization around the
importance of sons; 3) the different forms of pressure to have sons that women experienced from female
in-laws and husbands; 4) the spectrum of verbal and physical abuse that women faced when they did not
have male children and/or when they found out they were carrying a female fetus; 5) the ambivalence
with which women regarded their own experience of reproductive “choice.”

Front 246

most common cancer among canadian women

Back 246

breast cancer

Front 247

risk factors for breast cancer

Back 247

very many:
Genetics (BRCA I and II)/ Family history
Gender  
Age  
Breast density  
Early menstruation/Late menopause   
Radiation exposure
Reproduction  
Breastfeeding  
Hormone replacement therapy  
Oral contraceptives  
Body weight  
Physical activity  
Alcohol use  
Tobacco smoke
Environmental Exposures??

Front 248

funded biomedical model of cancer (2 focuses)

Back 248

1) Focuses on producing knowledge about the biology of the disease
2) Developing better
screening, detection, treatment, risk assessment, and risk reduction technologies

Front 249

grassroots environmental model of cancer (2 focuses)

Back 249

1) Focuses on toxic substances and suspected carcinogens
2) Goal is to understand what causes cancer and to eliminate or reduce exposures to such causal factors: to create a safer environment.

Front 250

environmental health movement (3 aspects to focus on)

Back 250

1)Structural inequality
2)Racism
3)Corporate and govt. responsibility

Front 251

Activist critiques of breast cancer movement (2 points)

Back 251

1) Risk reduction/treatment rather than prevention
Working within the medical model of cancer- not questioning it
Blame the victim?
Individual causes vs. structural/systemic ones
“downstream” rather than “upstream” focus

2) Commodification- pink ribbon marketing campaigns
Breast cancer awareness = commodified
Profiteering on other people’s suffering
Appearing “charitable” when it’s really for money
Companies donating money also use carcinogens in their products

Front 252

pink ribbons as co-optation

Back 252

- co-optation of WHM by the biomedical institution, pretending to care about women`s health but still in the medical model

Front 253

pinkwashing

Back 253

making a horrible disease breast cancer palatable for the masses rather than showing the reality of it
- people who are dying of it blame themselves for nto getting past it

Front 254

gender and breast cancer activism

Back 254

- breast cancer might garner attention cause its about breasts
- the view of women as mothers and sisters
- making emotionality permissible by women
-women activists are also sometimes discredited because of ``emotionality` and feminine characteristics (a gender bias in science)

Front 255

bioethics

Back 255

multidisciplinary study of ethical controversies brought
about by advances in medicine & the life sciences
balancing values, interests, benefits, burdens & resources

Front 256

feminist approaches to science, technology (3)

Back 256

1. scripts approach (that users of biotechnology are meant for certain scripts)
2. designers and users of technologies( have intended vs excluded users, gendered, sexed, racialized)
3. resistance to scripting

Front 257

HPV (what. types)

Back 257

- common, contagious virus
- mostly asymptomatic
- 2 main types of symptomatic infections:
. low risk: warts
high risk: cancers of genitals

Front 258

gardasil

Back 258

- HPV vaccine protects agai70% of cervical cancersnst high risk HPVs
- approved for females 9-26
-quadrivalent, protects against 90% of genital warts,
- virus like particles stimulate immune response

Front 259

gardasil vs. cervarix

Back 259

-cervarix protects against a bit more cervical cancers

Front 260

why was gardasil developed?

Back 260

- Merck had financial desparation and expiring patents
- it is a potential blockbuster drug

Front 261

Quebec's HPV vaccination program

Back 261

- free for girls 9-17, not mandatory, administered gr 4
- not free for boys
-

Front 262

critiques of HPV vaccination (4)

Back 262

1) Long term risks unknown
2) Money could be better spent elsewhere-- on preventive health
3) Girls as guinea pigs- gendered argument (are they the test subjects??)
4) Reduce number of annual exams, pap smears, routine gynecological exams

Front 263

why were aprents initially declining to have girls vaccinated??

Back 263

possibly a denial of female adoescent sexuality, but this is changing as we get used to he idea that cancer can be caused by sex

Front 264

most women are ____ (accepting/not accepting) of the HPV vaccine because

Back 264

accepting, Family support
Caregiver support
Destigmatized
Cancer prevention

less accepting:
-selfefficacy barriers. other ways to prevent. stigmatized. mistrust of vaccines

Front 265

zavetoski et al (environmental breast cancer movement)

Back 265

- the BCM is gender discrimination cause it puts the fault on women (personal lifestyle and genetics)
- the media sexualizes breast cancer
-pharmas commodify it
- research objectifies breasts

Front 266

sick of pink(feswick)

Back 266

- breast cnacer is marketable because:
-women cant impact the largest risk factors (age & genetics)
- women are large purchasing power
- saving the breast is saving female sexuality
- people are less likely to make direct donations cause they feel they contribute by buying pink

Front 267

lippman (2007) (gardasil critisms)

Back 267

- cervical cancer is not a huge health concern, and is largely treatable
- most expensive child vaccine

Front 268

polzer and knabe (2012) (HPV vaccine and medicalization)

Back 268

this configuration of medicalization positions the
emergence of sexuality itself as the basis of risk and pathologization

Front 269

colgrove 2006 (mandatory HPV vaccination)

Back 269

- is it ethical to mandate this on parents, also what is the power of public health to do this? political power given to public health

Front 270

hopfer and clippard (2010) HPV vaccination attitudes in college students

Back 270

1) relationship
status frames relevance of HPV to women, that
2) vaccine accessibility is an important factor amongvaccine accepting college women,
3) that exploring family HPV
vaccine norms might prove useful
4) dispelling myths about HPV transmission

Front 271

body work becomes mandatory

Back 271

- its gendered
- good health is conflated with the work you do on your body
- you have a moral imperative to care for yourself

Front 272

masculinity, health, and consumption

Back 272

- sports supplements change the ideas about masculinity

Front 273

atkinson (2007) supplements

Back 273

- guys take them so that they can adhere to trad. masculine images in a non-threatening way (ie. without expresssing aggression or violence)
- reclaiming masculinity through bodybuilding
- supplements are a cure for masculine anxiety
- to have bodily control is to have control over your life

Front 274

stats with excersize in boys/girls

Back 274

- 91% of boys excersize to gain muscle (9 to 16 years old)
- 43% of boys change eating to gain muscle
- most of these boys are Hmong (minorties)

Front 275

marwick 2010 (how culture operates on the body)

Back 275

this example tells us how culture operates on the body
- reality TV shows demonstrating how aesthetic work on the body is morally justified "The Swan", "Biggest Loser", "Fat March".
- low self esteem is caused by the body
-so you must change it (medical gaze: compartmentalizing the body)

Front 276

schepher hughes and lock (1987)

Back 276

Health is increasingly viewed as an achieved rather than an ascribed status and each individual is expected to ‘work hard’ at being strong, fit, and healthy

Front 277

genital cosmetic surgery (problems: 3)

Back 277

- medicalization of sexual problems
-narrowing the view of what is considered normal
- the idea that female sexual drive is important only to equal that of the man/preserve social relationships

Front 278

barker (pharmaceutical determinism)

Back 278

- lyrica, a medication for fibromyalgia
- we are not evn sure if fibromyalgia even exists
- the existence of a medication for it provides fibromyalgia some legitimacy

Front 279

fishman (role of the researcher in FSD)

Back 279

-drugs, diseases, biomedical knowledge, expertise, and the researchers themselves become commodified as they mediate the marketing of new drugs to treat female sexual dysfunction
- the medical area only escaped commodification because it was actively resisted (medical exceptionalism)
-now the front as if this is still the case is what allows medicine to profit

Front 280

Fitzpatrick (2008) (female cosmetic sex surgery)

Back 280

- the increasing trend of sexual plastic cosmetic surgery
- to make up for a feeling of poor body image
- has risks associated with it... can be likened to female genital mutilation
- getting a boyfriend is easier and ebtter solution than surgery

Front 281

critiques of pharma (4)

Back 281

1) Profiteering
Profits as a percent of revenue (2011)
Pharma- 15.9%
Fortune 500- 4.2%
2) Drug safety concerns
3) Uncontrolled Use and Cost of Drugs
4) Undue Influence on Physicians and Researchers

Front 282

pharmaceutical marketing

Back 282

- spend twice as much on advertising than reseach

Front 283

medicalization of impotence

Back 283

1900-30s: impotence natural
1930-50s: disease of young (psychoanalytic) and condition of the old
1960-80s: Impotence is a psychological condition (based in anxiety or fear)
1980-90s: medical and physiological condition (urologists needed more patients)

Front 284

lifestyle drugs

Back 284

- treat "life limiting" conditions
- require a diagnosis and FDA approval
- diagnostic creep
- onften treats symptoms related to aging

Front 285

4 assumptions in phizer's marketing of viagara:

Back 285

1) Erectile Dysfunction is a Medical Problem
2) Viagara is a natural solution to ED
3) Viagara is for Heterosexual men
4) Viagara cures relationship problems

Front 286

technological inscription

Back 286

- technologies are developed with particular users in mind
- they are still flexible after leaving the lab/factory
- gendered norms and assumptions are both inputs and outputs of the construction of Viagra

Front 287

black box of technological development

Back 287

- obscures the social relationships behind the design of a technology, make it seem like intrinsic and inherent parts of the technology

Front 288

scripts in Viagra (6)

Back 288

- assumption that viagara will be used one when having sex with someone (not alone)
- that it will be used by couples
- that the couple will be monogamous
- woman as the caregiver, man in control
- impotence is constructed as a coupled phenomenon
- generalizability over time to superpotence as the market expands

Front 289

viagra wives

Back 289

- as a result of their husbands on viagra, they cant kep up with the libido of their partner

Front 290

sexuality and menopause paper

Back 290

- reproductive experiences thought of in a cumulative way up till menopause
- their race informs it (black women more hysterectomies, whites more infertility)
- relationship status as well
- age at childbearing has to do with interpretation of fertility

Front 291

carr and utz (widowhood research)

Back 291

- macrosocial conditions influence widowhood
- slower deaths of spouses these days makes higher anxiety (for men esp.)
-deaths with physical pain are also hard for the spouse to endure (for women esp.)
- women are more socially connected once widowed
- research requires longitutdinal studies comapres with non-widows

Front 292

marshall 2006 (viagra, male aging)

Back 292

- male menopause explained as andogen deficiency post-viagra impact on mens health
- manhood changes rather than diminishes with age

Front 293

calasanti (2007)

Back 293

- using feminism to examine old men's health
- that young men are more likely to have poor health when they are old because of social norms for young men
- not being a man is more scary than death for many
- yougn men have priviledge over old men but all men have priviledge over women