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38 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Sociology
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study of groups
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sociological imagination
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• Emphasizes: how people interact in their everyday lives, how they make sense of that interaction and how it leads to the creation of society.
• Views Society: as an ongoing process of social interactions in specific settings based on symbolic communication. • Questions asked from that perspective: How is society experienced? • Society is the same for every one, but internalized differently How do human beings interact to create, sustain, and change social patterns? • We know what to expect (hand shake example) How do individuals attempt to shape the reality perceived by others? • Example, first date, clean and polite • Looking glass self How does behavior change from one situation to another? • At first date, see friends. • Macro or Micro? Micro |
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Postivism
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• Assumptions of Positivism (we are positivisms in this class)
o The laws of the social world could be understood Predict people's behavior. Once known the laws of society could be used in perfect society. • Truth out there that can be found • We can learn, measure, find stuff time 1. The laws of the social world can be understood 2. Laws of the social world could be used to improve society. |
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Enlightenment
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• 1700-1800s-Buy products and make wages, Wealth and leisure class develops, positivisms occurs
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Theory
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what we know and expect when we observe a relationship
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Variables
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logical groupings of attributes (something that varies)
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Attributes
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A characteristic of a person or a thing
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independent variables (IV)
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A variable assumed to depend on or be caused by another (independent) variable. The effect.
Example: Increase in education-->increase in income Variables: education, income Independent: education Dependent: income |
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idiographic research
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explain a single situation
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nomothetic research
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Explains a group based phenomena
Sociology |
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Inductive
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goes from the specific to general
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deductive theory
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i. starts w/ general and moves to the specific
Start w/ theory, then test it Testable |
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Qualitative
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inductive, idiographic
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Quantitative
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numbers, less subjective
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Pure research
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it just for the sake of acquiring knowledge
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Applied research
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research to prove
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Paradigms
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world view
1. a model or framework for understanding which shapes both what we see and how we understand it. (everything that goes into an observation) Hard to recognize the paradigm • Example: abortion-often people support abortion do not support death penalty (built on different notions, such as when life starts) |
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Macro-theory
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large aggregate entities of society or whole societies
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Micro-theory
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issues of individuals or small groups
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Hypothesis
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-a basic statement that is tested in research
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the role of social theory
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Logical Explanations
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three social science/sociological paradigms.
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Conflict-Karl Marx
Social Imagination Funcionalism |
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Conflict Paradigm
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Karl Marx
• Emphasizes: the struggle over limited resources as a permanent aspect of society and a source of major social change. (doesn’t suggest society is orderly) • Views Society: as a system characterized by inequality • Questions asked from that perspective: How is society divided? (class, gender, race/ethnicity What are the major patters of inequality? How do people protect their privileged? (funneling resources, ie lobbying, ivy league universities) How is the status quo challenged? (organize) • Macro or Micro? Macro (about how people like me compete with people like you, no me against you) |
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Structural Functionalism
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• Emphasizes: how the different parts (institutions) of society work together to promote stability for the whole.
• Views Society: as a system of interrelated parts Parts are stable, all common goal to make system go • Questions asked from that perspective: How is society integrated? What are the major parts of society and how are they related? • Institutions (parts): • Family: reproduction, socializes values and norms, learn to talk, eat, potty • Education: socialization w/ peers and superiors, learn to contribute to the economy • Economy • Government • Law What are the consequences of each part of society on the whole? • Macro or Micro? Macro (not how PEOPLE work together--it's how INSTITUTIONS work together) |
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What are the characteristics of a good hypothesis?
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1. Typically stated as a relationship between two variables
2. Entails prediction 3. Must be testable 4. Must be stated in an unambiguous manner |
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Hypothesis examples
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2. Example 1: Attituides toward gas prices
1. ____is related to attitude toward higher gas prices 2. Household income is related to attitudes toward higher gas prices. (bad hypothesis) a. What might the resp0nse options be (attributes)? • Variables: hh income, attd towards gas\ • Attributes: High/low income; positive or negative attitudes 3. Those with smaller household incomes are more likely to have negative attitudes toward increasing gas prices than those with larger household incomes. (good hypothesis) |
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Causation
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the idea that one event or action causes another to happen
• Certainty x=y (not simple) |
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Correlation
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empirical relationship between 2 variables such that changes in one is associated with changes is another
• X is associate with y |
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Determinism
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events are determined or caused to happen
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positive correlation
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independent and dependent variables move in same direction
• x↑=y↑ |
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negative correlation
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variables move in different directions
• x↓=y↑ |
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curivilinear correlation
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positive correlation then evens out
• example: education |
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necessary cause
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condition that must be present in order for the effect to follow
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sufficient cause
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a condition, if present, guaretees an event
xy (x does not always produce y) |
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idiographic causal relationships
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• specific-focuses on one thing
• Explanation needs to be: o Credibitility and believability o Alternate explanations have been seriously considered |
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nomothetic causal relationships
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o Cause has to precede effect
o Empirically correlated (see with senses)-can be observed o Not explained by a third variable |
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Operationalization
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before we can test something, we have to agree to what that something means
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Functions of Social Theory
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A framework for what we can expect
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