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38 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Sociology
study of groups
sociological imagination
• Emphasizes: how people interact in their everyday lives, how they make sense of that interaction and how it leads to the creation of society.
• Views Society: as an ongoing process of social interactions in specific settings based on symbolic communication.
• Questions asked from that perspective:
 How is society experienced?
• Society is the same for every one, but internalized differently
 How do human beings interact to create, sustain, and change social patterns?
• We know what to expect (hand shake example)
 How do individuals attempt to shape the reality perceived by others?
• Example, first date, clean and polite
• Looking glass self
 How does behavior change from one situation to another?
• At first date, see friends.
• Macro or Micro? Micro
Postivism
• Assumptions of Positivism (we are positivisms in this class)
o The laws of the social world could be understood
 Predict people's behavior.
 Once known the laws of society could be used in perfect society.
• Truth out there that can be found
• We can learn, measure, find stuff time
1. The laws of the social world can be understood
2. Laws of the social world could be used to improve society.
Enlightenment
• 1700-1800s-Buy products and make wages, Wealth and leisure class develops, positivisms occurs
Theory
what we know and expect when we observe a relationship
Variables
logical groupings of attributes (something that varies)
Attributes
A characteristic of a person or a thing
independent variables (IV)
A variable assumed to depend on or be caused by another (independent) variable. The effect.

Example:
Increase in education-->increase in income
Variables: education, income
Independent: education
Dependent: income
idiographic research
explain a single situation
nomothetic research
 Explains a group based phenomena
 Sociology
Inductive
goes from the specific to general
deductive theory
i. starts w/ general and moves to the specific
 Start w/ theory, then test it
 Testable
Qualitative
inductive, idiographic
Quantitative
numbers, less subjective
Pure research
it just for the sake of acquiring knowledge
Applied research
research to prove
Paradigms
world view
1. a model or framework for understanding which shapes both what we see and how we understand it. (everything that goes into an observation)
 Hard to recognize the paradigm
• Example: abortion-often people support abortion do not support death penalty (built on different notions, such as when life starts)
Macro-theory
large aggregate entities of society or whole societies
Micro-theory
issues of individuals or small groups
Hypothesis
-a basic statement that is tested in research
the role of social theory
Logical Explanations
three social science/sociological paradigms.
Conflict-Karl Marx
Social Imagination
Funcionalism
Conflict Paradigm
Karl Marx
• Emphasizes: the struggle over limited resources as a permanent aspect of society and a source of major social change. (doesn’t suggest society is orderly)
• Views Society: as a system characterized by inequality
• Questions asked from that perspective:
 How is society divided? (class, gender, race/ethnicity
 What are the major patters of inequality?
 How do people protect their privileged? (funneling resources, ie lobbying, ivy league universities)
 How is the status quo challenged? (organize)
• Macro or Micro? Macro (about how people like me compete with people like you, no me against you)
Structural Functionalism
• Emphasizes: how the different parts (institutions) of society work together to promote stability for the whole.
• Views Society: as a system of interrelated parts
 Parts are stable, all common goal to make system go
• Questions asked from that perspective:
 How is society integrated?
 What are the major parts of society and how are they related?
• Institutions (parts):
• Family: reproduction, socializes values and norms, learn to talk, eat, potty
• Education: socialization w/ peers and superiors, learn to contribute to the economy
• Economy
• Government
• Law
 What are the consequences of each part of society on the whole?
• Macro or Micro? Macro (not how PEOPLE work together--it's how INSTITUTIONS work together)
What are the characteristics of a good hypothesis?
1. Typically stated as a relationship between two variables
2. Entails prediction
3. Must be testable
4. Must be stated in an unambiguous manner
Hypothesis examples
2. Example 1: Attituides toward gas prices
1. ____is related to attitude toward higher gas prices
2. Household income is related to attitudes toward higher gas prices. (bad hypothesis)
a. What might the resp0nse options be (attributes)?
• Variables: hh income, attd towards gas\
• Attributes: High/low income; positive or negative attitudes
3. Those with smaller household incomes are more likely to have negative attitudes toward increasing gas prices than those with larger household incomes. (good hypothesis)
Causation
the idea that one event or action causes another to happen
• Certainty x=y (not simple)
Correlation
empirical relationship between 2 variables such that changes in one is associated with changes is another
• X is associate with y
Determinism
events are determined or caused to happen
positive correlation
independent and dependent variables move in same direction
• x↑=y↑
negative correlation
variables move in different directions
• x↓=y↑
curivilinear correlation
positive correlation then evens out
• example: education
necessary cause
condition that must be present in order for the effect to follow
sufficient cause
a condition, if present, guaretees an event
xy (x does not always produce y)
idiographic causal relationships
• specific-focuses on one thing
• Explanation needs to be:
o Credibitility and believability
o Alternate explanations have been seriously considered
nomothetic causal relationships
o Cause has to precede effect

o Empirically correlated (see with senses)-can be observed

o Not explained by a third variable
Operationalization
before we can test something, we have to agree to what that something means
Functions of Social Theory
A framework for what we can expect