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34 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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counterculture |
a type of subculture that strongly opposes the widely held cultural patterns of the larger population |
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cultural adaptation |
the process by which environmental pressures are addressed through changes in practices, traditions, and behaviours |
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cultural universals |
common cultural features found in all societies |
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cultural relativism |
appreciation that all cultures have their own mores, norms, and should be evaluated and understood on their own terms, rather than according to one's own cultural standards |
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ethnocentrism |
the tendency to view on'es own culture as superior to all others |
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culture |
a complex collection of values, beliefs, behaviours, and material objects shared by a group and passed on from one generation to the next |
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culture lag |
Ogburn's concept describing how technology often outpaces society's ability to adjust to it |
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culture shock |
the feeling of disorientation, alienation, depression and loneliness experienced when entering a culture very different from your own |
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diffusion |
occurs when cultural items or practices are transmitted from one group to another |
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discovery |
occurs when something previously unrecognized or understood is found to have social or cultural applications |
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folkways |
informal norms that suggest customary ways of behaving |
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hominid ancestors |
our human ancestors |
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homo sapiens |
modern human beings |
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invention/innovation |
occurs when existing cultural items are manipulated or modified to produce something new and socially valuable |
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language |
a shared symbol system of rules and meanings that govern the production and interpretation to speech |
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law |
a type of norm that is formally defined and enacted in legislation |
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linguistic determinism |
language determines how we perceive the world |
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linguistic relativism |
language reflects how we perceive the world |
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material culture |
the tangible artifacts and physical objects found in a given culture |
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micro-expressions |
largely uncontrollable, instantaneous full-face emotional reactions |
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mores |
norms that carry a string sense of social importance and necessity |
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non-material culture |
the intangible and abstract components of a society, including values and norms |
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norms |
culturally defined rules that outline appropriate behaviours |
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sanction |
a penalty for norm violation or a reward for norm adherence |
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Sapir-Whorf hypothesis |
the assertion that language influences how we perceive the world (a.k.a. linguistic determinism) |
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subculture |
a group within a population whose values, norms, folkways, or mores set them apart from the mainstream culture |
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taboo |
a prohibition on actions deemed immoral or disgusting |
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symbol |
something that stands for or represents something else |
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values |
beliefs about ideal goals and behaviours that serve as standards for social life |
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5 defining features of culture |
-learned, shared, transmitted, cumulative, and human |
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cultural change happens through... (3 elements) |
discovery, invention/innovation, diffusion |
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viewpoint of a functionalist |
cultural traditions develop and persist because they are adaptive and maintain stability |
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viewpoint of a conflict theorist |
culture systems as a means of perpetuating social inequality, with the dominant culture assimilating less powerful cultures |
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viewpoint of a symbolic interactionist |
culture as being actively created and recreated through social interaction |
