Soc Test 3

Front 1

_____ ________ is a measure of social class that is based on income, education, occupation, and related variables

Back 1

socioeconomic status

Front 2

________ _______ is what you have

Back 2

socioeconomic status

Front 3

_________ is a structured ranking of groups of people that perpetuates unequal economic rewards and power in society

Back 3

Stratification

Front 4

Karl Marx divided social class into 2 systems: ______ and _____

Back 4

Bourgeouisie (Capitalist)

Proletariat (Working Class)

Front 5

________ ______ is systematic views of the way the world ought to be, influenced by dominant groups

Back 5

Dominant Ideaology

Front 6

_____ ___________: both classes think arrangement is fair and good

Back 6

False Consciousness

Front 7

____ ___________: working class overcomes false consciousness. They recognize exploitation (prequisite to revolution)

Back 7

Class Consciousness

Front 8

_______ is proletariat taking action to overcome capitalism

Back 8

Praxis

Front 9

The minimum wage has incresed past 3 years, and is now at _____

Back 9

$7.25

Front 10

Some economists believe that the new minimum wage is happening at a bad time, and says it will drive the __________ rate higher than it is right now

Back 10

unemployment

Front 11

Sociologist believe that raising the minimum wage is NOT enough for America's ____________-poor families

Back 11

working

Front 12

T/F
The minimum wage will have little effect on the rising costs of goods or services

Back 12

True

Front 13

_______ around the country have 3 times the poverty level of other workers

Back 13

Waiters

Front 14

the ______ ______ is the amount of money an individual must earn to support the family, if they are sole provider and working FULL time

Back 14

Living wage

Front 15

The poverty rate ________ between 07 and 08

Back 15

increased

Front 16

Real median household income ___ between 07 and 08

Back 16

fell

Front 17

________ poverty - not being able to meet basic human needs

Back 17

absolute

Front 18

_____ poverty - floating standard of deprivation in comparison to the nation as a whole

Back 18

relative

Front 19

______ _________ ask the question who decides who is considered poor? We can move the line up or down to include more people/exclude more

Back 19

Social constructionist

Front 20

t/f

# of americans have decreased since 2000 living in poverty

Back 20

False

Front 21

t/f

Most americans could get out of poverty if they had a job

Back 21

False

Front 22

t/f

US child poverty rate is higher than most worlds industrialized countries

Back 22

True

Front 23

t/f

Since 2000, working familes make up a rising share of all poor families

Back 23

True

Front 24

t/f

Fastest growing group of homeless people are families with children

Back 24

True

Front 25

Today, 13.2% of Americans are living below the poverty line, about ____ million people

Back 25

40

Front 26

The gap between the rich and poor is getting ______

Back 26

bigger

Front 27

By the age of __, 59% of Americans will have experienced at least one year of poverty

Back 27

75

Front 28

One in ___ Nebraskans are living in poverty,

Back 28

10

Front 29

When looking at poverty, focus usually comes around to changing the _________, not the system

Back 29

individuals

Front 30

______ blame the poor: adopt the right values, work harder

Back 30

Conservatives

Front 31

________ use govt. programs to change indivudal poverty: give money, job training, etc.

Back 31

liberals

Front 32

_____ ______ analogy: a network of systematically related barriers surrounds the bird, their relations to each other are as confining as the solid walls of a dungeon

Back 32

Bird Cage

Front 33

Reality is that people start life at an _____ playing field

Back 33

uneven

Front 34

Sociologists need to change how ______ generates poverty in the first place

Back 34

society

Front 35

Hierarchies of skin color _____ some and act as targets for others

Back 35

privilege

Front 36

_____ _______ - subordinate gorup whose members have significantly less control or power over their own lives than members of the dominant group

Back 36

minority group

Front 37

______ ______ - group set apart from others b/c of PHYSICAL differences that have taken on social significance

Back 37

racial

Front 38

_____ ______ - group set apart from others b/c of its national origin or distictive cultural patterns

Back 38

ethnic group

Front 39

Idea of biological race is based on ____ notion of a genetically isolated human group

Back 39

mistaken

Front 40

genetic traits are ______ so it's impossible to state where one group begins and another starts

Back 40

continuous

Front 41

Within group, variations are ___ than differences between groups

Back 41

greater

Front 42

_________ _______ - racial classifications have enormous reprecussions for the people so classified

Back 42

thomas theorem

Front 43

We identify people as belonging to one race or another b/c we are ______ taught or programed to focus on particular physical characteristics

Back 43

socially

Front 44

Race is often used to justify unequal access to things, based on the assumption that such inequality is ______

Back 44

natural

Front 45

_______ are unreliable generalizations about all members of a group, and are often used to justify inequality

Back 45

stereotypes

Front 46

_______ is the feeling that certain groups or race are inherently superior to others and all others are inferior

Back 46

racism

Front 47

racially mixed persons aer generally ______ to the status of the subordinate group

Back 47

assigned

Front 48

_______ belief - race is important b/c of the social meaning people have ATTACHED to it

Back 48

shared

Front 49

Nothing is _______ - people in other societies have different categories

Back 49

inherent

Front 50

Things _____ over time - meanings and importance of race _____

Back 50

change

Front 51

An ________ ______ is set apart from others explicitly b/c of its national orgin or cultural patterns (religion, language, food)

Back 51

Ethnic Group

Front 52

Distinctions between racial and ethinc minorites are _____ always clear-cut

Back 52

NOT

Front 53

_____ are the largest minority in the US

Back 53

Hispanics

Front 54

_________ is negative attitudes that reject an ENTIRE group

Back 54

prejudice

Front 55

_______ is behavior that deprives a group of certain rights or opportunities

Back 55

discrimination

Front 56

_____ _____ famliy 3 times more likely to be poor

Back 56

african american

Front 57

Congress established much tougher sentences for crack cocain offenses than ____ cocaine

Back 57

powder

Front 58

_____ cocaine is more accessible for poor Americans..many who are black

Back 58

crack

Front 59

______ ______ is any police-initiated action based on race, ethnicity, or national origin rather than on a person's behavior

Back 59

racial profiling

Front 60

Overwhelming evidence that ____ is not valid predictor of criminal behavior

Back 60

race

Front 61

Sociologist blame the ______ _____

Back 61

social structure

Front 62

_____ _____ is a criminal offense committed b/c of the offender's bias against an individual based on race, religion, ethnicity, national origin, or sexual orientation

Back 62

Hate Crime

Front 63

____________ - intersecting oppressions (Many people fall into a few categories)

Back 63

intersectionality

Front 64

______ ______ - invisible structures in actuality, but physical in their affects

Back 64

social structures

Front 65

_____ is the major social institution through which a society produces, distributes, and consumes good and services

Back 65

economy

Front 66

By the 1950s, the US was creating a postindustrial economy - a prodcution system based on _____ work and high technology

Back 66

service

Front 67

a _______ _______ is a shift from industrial work to service work

Back 67

post industrial

Front 68

3 main elements of capitalism

Back 68

1. private ownership
2. pursuit of personal profit
3. competition and consumer choice

Front 69

The US considered a _____ nation, but not purely

Back 69

capitalist

Front 70

In the US, ____ has become part of our social and personal identity

Back 70

consumption

Front 71

3 Main elements of socialism

Back 71

1. collective ownership
2. pursuit of collective goods
3. govt. control of economy

Front 72

_______ - hypothetical economic and political system in which all members of a society are socially equal

Back 72

communism

Front 73

______ capitalism - an economic and political system that combines a mostly market-based economy with extensive social welfare programs (Sweden and Italy)

Back 73

welfare

Front 74

_____ capitalism - an economic and political system in which companies are privately owned but cooperate closely with the govt. (Japan, S. Korea, Sinapore)

Back 74

state

Front 75

________ - reducing the size of a company's workforce

Back 75

downsizing

Front 76

_________ - transfer of work to foreign contractors (began w/ manufacturing jobs)

Back 76

offshoring

Front 77

_______ is the major social instituion by which a society distributes power and organizes decision making

Back 77

politics

Front 78

Weber claimed that raw power is transformed into legitmate authority in three ways

Back 78

1. traditional authority
2. rational-legal authority
3. charismatic authority

Front 79

_______ authority - closely tied to kinship

Back 79

traditional

Front 80

_____ ________ authority - underlies the operation of bureaucratic offices as well as the law

Back 80

rational legal

Front 81

______ authority - baesd on extraordinary personal qualities

Back 81

charismatic

Front 82

_______ is govt. by the people

Back 82

democracy

Front 83

_____________ ______ - certian individuals are selected to speak for the people

Back 83

representative democracy

Front 84

The US is a _________ democracy

Back 84

representative

Front 85

In the US, a ___ minority of citizens participate in political organizations

Back 85

small

Front 86

Dr. Freyer found ____ racial gap in intelligence

Back 86

NO

Front 87

Dr. Freyer's solutions for education is ____ insentives for good grades

Back 87

cash

Front 88

_____ woman earn more with a professional degree

Back 88

black

Front 89

Dr. Freyer says firms _____ discriminating on the basis of race

Back 89

ARENT

Front 90

_____ ______ is Positive efforts to recruit minority group members or women for jobs, promotions, and educational opportunities.

Back 90

affirmative action

Front 91

_____ _____ is Anti-Jewish prejudice.

Back 91

anti-semitsm

Front 92

______ is The process through which a person forsakes his or her own cultural tradition to become part of a different culture.

Back 92

assimilation

Front 93

___ _____ is A political philosophy, promoted by many younger Blacks in the 1960s, that supported the creation of Black-controlled political and economic institutions.

Back 93

black power

Front 94

____ _______ _______ is The use of race-neutral principles to perpetuate a racially unequal status quo.

Back 94

color blind racism

Front 95

_____ ________ is The theory that in cooperative circumstances interracial contact between people of equal status will reduce prejudice.

Back 95

contact hypothesis

Front 96

_______ is The denial of opportunities and equal rights to individuals and groups because of prejudice or other arbitrary reasons.

Back 96

discrimination

Front 97

A group that is set apart from others primarily because of its national origin or distinctive cultural patterns.

Back 97

ethnic group

Front 98

a _____ _____i sA criminal offense committed because of the offender's bias against an individual based on race, religion, ethnicity, national origin, or sexual orientation.

Back 98

hate crime

Front 99

The denial of opportunities and equal rights to individuals and groups that results from the normal operations of a society.

Back 99

institutional discrimination

Front 100

A subordinate group whose members supposedly have succeeded economically, socially, and educationally despite past prejudice and discrimination.

Back 100

model or ideal minority

Front 101

____ is Mutual respect for one another's cultures among the various groups in a society, which allows minorities to express their own cultures without experiencing prejudice.

Back 101

pluralism

Front 102

_____ ______ is An ethnic identity that emphasizes concerns such as ethnic food or political issues rather than deeper ties to one's ethnic heritage.

Back 102

symbol ethnicity

Front 103

a ________ _____ is A group that is set apart from others because of physical differences that have taken on social significance.

Back 103

racial group

Front 104

________ ______ is Any police-initiated action based on race, ethnicity, or national origin rather than on a person's behavior.

Back 104

racial profiling

Front 105

Institutionalized power that is recognized by the people over whom it is exercised.

Back 105

authority

Front 106

An economic system in which the means of production are held largely in private hands and the main incentive for economic activity is the accumulation of profits.

Back 106

capitalism

Front 107

____ ______ is Power made legitimate by a leader's exceptional personal or emotional appeal to his or her followers.

Back 107

charasmatic authority

Front 108

As an ideal type, an economic system under which all property is communally owned and no social distinctions are made on the basis of people's ability to produce.

Back 108

communism

Front 109

_______ is The systematic, widespread withdrawal of investment in basic aspects of productivity, such as factories and plants.

Back 109

deindustrialization

Front 110

in a literal sense, government by the people.

Back 110

democracy

Front 111

_______ is Reductions in a company's workforce as part of deindustrialization.

Back 111

downsizing

Front 112

____ ______ is The social institution through which goods and services are produced, distributed, and consumed.

Back 112

economic system

Front 113

_______ society - that depends on mechanization to produce its goods and services.

Back 113

industrial

Front 114

Mixed economy - An economic system that combines elements of both _____ and _____

Back 114

capitalism and socialism

Front 115

______ is the The transfer of work to foreign contractors.

Back 115

offshoring

Front 116

_____ _______ is A view of society in which many competing groups within the community have access to government, so that no single group is dominant.

Back 116

pluralist model

Front 117

The social institution that is founded on a recognized set of procedures for implementing and achieving society's goals.

Back 117

political system

Front 118

In Harold Lasswell's words, "who gets what, when, and how."

Back 118

politics

Front 119

The ability to exercise one's will over others even if they resist.

Back 119

power

Front 120

A small group of military, industrial, and government leaders who control the fate of the United States.

Back 120

power elite

Front 121

uthority based on formally agreed upon and accepted rules, principles, and procedures of conduct that are established in order to accomplish goals in the most efficient manner possible.

Back 121

rational legal authority

Front 122

A form of government in which certain individuals are selected to speak for the people.

Back 122

representive democracy

Front 123

An economic system under which the means of production and distribution are collectively owned.

Back 123

socialism

Front 124

_____ ______ is Legitimate power conferred by custom and accepted practice.

Back 124

traditional authority

Front 125

_______ ______ is A minimum level of subsistence that no family should be expected to live below.

Back 125

absolute poverty

Front 126

______ ______ is A social position that a person attains largely through his or her own efforts.

Back 126

achieved status

Front 127

A social position assigned to a person by society without regard for the person's unique talents or characteristics.

Back 127

ascribed status

Front 128

Karl Marx's term for the capitalist class, comprising the owners of the means of production.

Back 128

burgouise

Front 129

________ is An economic system in which the means of production are held largely in private hands and the main incentive for economic activity is the accumulation of profits.

Back 129

capitalism

Front 130

A hereditary rank, usually religiously dictated, that tends to be fixed and immobile.

Back 130

caste

Front 131

A group of people who have a similar level of economic resources.

Back 131

class

Front 132

in Karl Marx's view, a subjective awareness held by members of a class regarding their common vested interests and need for collective political action to bring about social change.

Back 132

class consiousness

Front 133

A social ranking based primarily on economic position in which achieved characteristics can influence social mobility.

Back 133

class system

Front 134

A social system in which there is little or no possibility of individual social mobility.

Back 134

closed system

Front 135

The relative lack of access to the latest technologies among low-income groups, racial and ethnic minorities, rural residents, and the citizens of developing countries.

Back 135

digital divide

Front 136

A set of cultural beliefs and practices that helps to maintain powerful social, economic, and political interests.

Back 136

dominant idealogy

Front 137

A term used by Karl Marx to describe an attitude held by members of a class that does not accurately reflect their objective position.

Back 137

false consciousness

Front 138

The movement of an individual from one social position to another of the same rank.

Back 138

horizontal mobility

Front 139

The opportunities people have to provide themselves with material goods, positive living conditions, and favorable life experiences.

Back 139

life chances

Front 140

A social system in which the position of each individual is influenced by his or her achieved status.

Back 140

open system

Front 141

Karl Marx's term for the working class in a capitalist society.

Back 141

proletariart

Front 142

A floating standard of deprivation by which people at the bottom of a society, whatever their lifestyles, are judged to be disadvantaged in comparison with the nation as a whole.

Back 142

relative poverty

Front 143

Movement of individuals or groups from one position in a society's stratification system to another.

Back 143

social mobility

Front 144

A measure of class that is based on income, education, occupation, and related variables.

Back 144

socioeconomic status

Front 145

People who have the same prestige or lifestyle, independent of their class positions.

Back 145

status group

Front 146

A structured ranking of entire groups of people that perpetuates unequal economic rewards and power in a society.

Back 146

stratification

Front 147

The long-term poor who lack training and skills.

Back 147

underclass