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55 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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August Comte what is he famous for?
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oHe named the study of sociology and urged people to study society and its problems, and to propose solutions.
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Emile Durkheim: Know the two types of solidarity; what is a collective conscience?
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-Mechanical solidarity- Premodern societies that ran like a simple machine- people worked together and were held together by shared beliefs—collective conscience
-Organic solidarity- modern societies, people are made up of different skills, and specializations, society is then held together by everyone’s independence |
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•What did Durkheim discover about suicide rates?
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oSuicide rates were more than just personal, he found out that they were influenced by social factors as well
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•Emile Durkheim: What is social fact?
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oManners of acting thinking and feeling outside the individual and the individual’s psychological state
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What is Durkheim’s definition of sociology?
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oThe study of social facts
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Sui generis?
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oLatin term meaning unique and of its own kind
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Ferdinand Tonnies: What are Gemeinschaft and Gessellschaft?
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oGemeinschaft- Communal relationships with people out of affection
oGessellschaft- relationships that aid in gaining something—goal driven |
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Max Weber- What are the differences btwn rational and nonrational behavior?
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oRational is behavior towards setting a goal and calculating it
oNon rational is behavior that is not goal driven |
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Karl Marx: What is the definition of epiphenomenal?
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oA secondary phenomenon
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According to Marx, what things are epiphenomenal?
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oEverything else, art, religion, morals, laws, etc, was secondary to the service of economic realities of society.
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According to Karl Marx, who are the proletariat?
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oThe people who worked and sold their labor to consumers
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Who are the bourgeoisie?
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oThe people who owned the means of production, the owners of the factories
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What is the means of production?
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oWays of producing goods, power, money, materials etc.
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What did Herbert Spencer say about social Darwinism, and survival of the fittest?
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o People compete just as animals do to survive in the social world. The best will survive in society and the worst will perish.
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Who was Jane Addams?
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o First sociologist to win the Nobel Prize, and did research on the causes and consequences on poverty.
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Who was WEB DuBois?
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oChaired the department of sociology at Harvard. He focused on the importance of race and ethnicity in society.
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C.W. Mills: What is the sociological imagination? Social Milieu?
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oMills’ term for a kind of outlook on the world which allows one to look beyond the circumstances of the individual and see the effects of larger historical factors
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Emile Durkheim:What did he find out about suicide rates and integration?
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oSuicide was both personal and social issue, it also varies with a degree of integration, and the degree to which people have strong ties to their social groups
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What is Institutional racism?
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oSomething that is built into everyday institutions and their practices over time, unintentional prejudices, ie: giving preference to certain relatives of alumni, but during times of oppression, not everyone was allowed to attend school so they may have no alumni relatives so that puts them at a disadvantage. etc.
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Robert K. Merton: What are the differences btwn manifest and latent functions?
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oManifest are the obvious consequences that are intended
oLatent are the hidden and unintended consequences |
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What are the differences btwn functions and disfunctions?
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oFunctions are the positive effect on society’s function
oDisfunctions are the negative effects on society’s functions |
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Identify and discuss the three primary ways in which sociologists divide up the task of studying society.
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oTopic area or subject matter, theoretical perspectives (paradigms), levels of analysis
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What is the functionalist paradigm?
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o—Macro—everyone as a role, and are connected, they share values and beliefs and that is how society is able to function.
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What is the conflict paradigm?
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o---Macro—There is always going to be conflict and it cannot be ignored, everyone is constantly competing for resources and power—creates inequality
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What is the social interactionalist paradigm?
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o---Micro---Individuals and meanings we attach to people, things, and behaviors---ex: “good wife”
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What is macrosociology?
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oThe broad study of social phenomena
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What is microsociology?
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oThe study of social phenomena on a smaller scale, such as a few individuals
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What is the definition of empiricism?
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oSomething that can be observed through the five senses
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Max Weber: What are inconvenient facts?
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oThings that contradict what you have always believed or wanted to believe about the social world.
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What is ethnocentrism?
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oJudging other people and customs that are different than yours based on your customs as what is normal.
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What is genocide?
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oMass murders of people---was mentioned in relation to Nazi Germany
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Who are Napoleon Chagnon and the Yanomamo?
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oChagnon was an anthropologist who lived among an Indian tribe (Yanomamo) for 1 year and studied their culture. He found their practices bizarre but still maintained an objective opinion and was not ethnocentric.
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What is cultural relativism?
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oThe belief that other people and their ways of doing things can be understood only in terms of the cultural context of those people.—no comparing cultures.
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What are variables?
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oSomething that is of interest to a researcher, and can be influenced or may influence something, may be independent or dependent can be operationalized, and have more than one attribute. CANNOT be positive or negative themselves, only have positive or negative relationships.
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What are attributes?
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oA characteristic or quality that describes a thing.
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What are hypotheses?
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oA testable statement about the relationship of two or more variables
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What is the Independent variable?
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oThe cause of something---the one that is manipulated
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What is the dependent variable?
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oThe effect of something
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Experiments: What are the strengths and weaknesses?
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oStrength- experiments can determine a cause for something b/c variables are manipulated
oWeaknesses-hard to conduct, sometimes expensive, hard to manipulate one variable at a time and determine a cause, most times cannot be generalized too far. |
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Observation research: what are the strengths and weaknesses?
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oStrengths-Can observe naturally, and provide detailed info
oWeaknesses-Cannot determine a cause, and may cause the Hawthorne effect |
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What is a complete participant?
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oA researcher goes undercover and does not tell participants that they are being studied
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What is a complete observer?
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oViews things from a distance or two way mirror
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What is a participant observer?
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oSomeone that admits to being a researcher so that people know they are being studied
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What is unobtrusive research?
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oUsing existing data to perform research
oStrength- Can reveal trend and patterns oWeakness- Analysis is only as good as the original time that it was published—nothing new was accomplished, just more was put together. |
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What is triangulation?
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oA research strategy that helps zero in on a social phenomena
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What are heterogeneity and sampling?
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oSampling is the portion of the population that you will be sampling in order to infer things about the larger population and heterogeneity means very diverse.
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What is a literature review?
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oThe first step in the research process is to review past research
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What are the differences btwn ascribed and achieved status?
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oAscribed status is a status given to an individual regardless of their needs or wants. Ex: race, ethnicity, sex.
oAchieved status is based on what a person has achieved upon their own personal merits or demerits. Ex: robbing banks, college professor, husband, carpenter |
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What is social status?
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oOnes place in the social system.
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What is reliability?
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oThe degree to which you get the same results each time
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What is validity?
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oWhether your operational defs., and concepts measure what they are supposed to measure.
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What are the rules of evidence?
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oIs the info. accurate?- Did the sources come from a relevant place
oDoes the data support the conclusion?- Does the data found really relevant to the hypothesis made oIs there anything missing?- Was anything important omitted |
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What is sociology according to M?
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oThe specific study of interactions and relations among human beings
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What is the Thomas theorem?
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oThe idea that sociologist need to think about what is really going on in a situation but also what people ‘think’ is going on, because what may be real to them, may not truly be reality…
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What factors contributed to the development of sociology?
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oGalileo, Newton, Questioning the church, Technology, science, Peoples’ places in society began to be changeable.
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