Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
261 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Mona Lisa |
Most expensive artwork |
|
|
European elites (nobles, clerics, burghers) |
Grudgingly gave alliance to ambitious monarchs as alternative to the brutal pattern of war and civil strife during the feudal era |
|
|
Rise of towns and the middle class |
Crucial elements in setting the process of feudalism to monarchy in motion and prepared the foundation for the modern political world |
|
|
Strong dynastic states ( monarchy) |
Result of the success of kings/monarchs |
|
|
Late emergence of monarch- states |
Result of the failure of monarchs |
|
|
Catherine of Aragon |
Would be wife of Henry VIII |
|
|
The end justifies the means. |
Most famous saying of Machiavelli |
|
|
It is better to be feared than to be loved. When it is impossible to be both feared and loved, choose to be feared. Men's affections are very changeable but fear and terror keeps people loyal and subservient. |
2nd most famous saying of Machiavelli |
|
|
Machiavelli |
Who said "By no means can a prudent ruler keep his word... If all men were good it would be all right to keep promises, but because they are bad and do not keep promises to you,you likewise do not have to keep promises to them." |
|
|
The Magnificent Lorenzo Di Piero De Medici |
Person that Machiavelli dedicated The Prince to |
|
|
The Prince |
Machiavelli's most prized possession |
|
|
The Prince |
A collection of "knowledge of the actions of great men acquired by my long experience in contemporary affairs, and a continual study of antiquity; which have been reflected upon with great and prolonged diligence |
|
|
How one can hold power |
Thing more important toMachiavelli than legacy |
|
|
Edifice complex |
How you look is important I.e. Imelda |
|
|
Machiavelli |
"...it may be said of men in general that they are ungrateful, volubic dissemblers, anxious to avoid danger... As long as you benefit them, they are entirely yours; they offer you their blood, their goods, their life and their children. But a Prince will rely solely on their word. |
|
|
Machiavelli |
"A Prince must take great care that nothing goes out of his mouth which is not full off seeming merciful, faithful, humane, sincere and religious... Everybody sees what you appear to be, few really know who you are..." |
|
|
Machiavelli |
"You must know then that there are two methods of fighting, the one by law, the other by force. The firstmethod is that of men, the second of beasts; but as the first method is insufficient , one must have recourse to the second." |
|
|
NICOLVS MACHIAVELLI HISTORIAR GROUP |
Echoes Trasymachus' might makes right |
|
|
Machiavelli |
"...every Prince must desire to be considered merciful and not cruel. He must, however, take care not to misuse his mercifulness." |
|
|
Machiavelli |
"Let a Prince, therefore, aim at conquering and maintaining the state, and the mean will always be judged honorably and praised by everyone in so far as the end justifies the means." |
|
|
Machiavelli |
trailblazer of realist philosophy |
|
|
Enlightenment period |
Science over the knowledge of church |
|
|
Leviathan (1651) |
Most complete expression of Hobbes' philosophy |
|
|
Leviathan |
Begins with a clearly materialistic account of human nature and knowledge, a rigidly deterministic account of human volition |
|
|
Leviathan |
A pessimistic vision of the consequently natural state of human beings in perpetual struggle against each other. It is to escape this grim fate that we formed the commonwealth surrendering our individual powers to the authority of an absolute sovereign. |
|
|
Individual obedience |
Hobbes Necessary in order to forest all the greater evil of an endless state of war ( even only to an arbitrary government) |
|
|
Man |
Hobbes Not naturally good but naturally a selfish hedonist "Of the voluntary acts of every man, the object is some good to himself." |
|
|
Human motives |
In their natural state guided by unenlightened self- interest these could have highly destructive consequences of left unchecked |
|
|
Natural state |
In this state, all people are equal ( physical sense), possessing a passionate love of survival ( right of nature) and some degree rationality (law of nature) |
|
|
Viable working society |
In equilibrium between right of nature and law of nature |
|
|
Any person's right of nature |
May justify violence against everybody else |
|
|
Personal interests |
In these interests, people will come around agreeing that they should renounce their right to use violence because it yields a tense and unstable equilibrium |
|
|
Leviathan |
An artifice which must be worked into the social contract keep society going with peace and confidence |
|
|
Leviathan |
Hobbes The state whether in a form of an absolute monarch or a democratic parliament |
|
|
Monopoly of violence Absolute authority |
(Important point) The state will be given these things |
|
|
Exercise its absolute power to maintain a state of peace |
What the state promises in return of the things given to it |
|
|
Willingness of the citizenry to surrender their power |
Where the power of the state's depend upon wholly (it will have the incentive to not abuse it - no guarantee that it won't; if it did, brace itself for the consequences) |
|
|
Morality, liberty, justice, property |
Concepts that have no natural, intrinsic or external meaning |
|
|
Pure social constructions |
Generated and imposed by the Leviathan through his laws and institutions, to keep war and social disorder at bay |
|
|
Set of values |
No ____ will last forever but will evolve as circumstantial change |
|
|
Law |
Completely dependent on power |
|
|
Law without a credible and powerful authority behind it |
Simply not itself in any meaningful sense |
|
|
Hobbes |
One of the progenitors of legal positivism |
|
|
Power |
It legitimates; it is justice |
|
|
John Locke |
British philosopher Oxford academic and medical researcher Revolutionary whose cause ultimately triumphed in the Glorious Revolution of 1688 |
|
|
Opposition of authoritarianism ( level of individual and level of institutional) |
What characterize most of Locke's work |
|
|
Reason |
Used to search after the truth |
|
|
John Locke |
Who believed in Reason above everything else |
|
|
Level of institution |
Level of opposition to authoritarianism wherein it is Important to distinguish the legitimate from the illegitimate functions of institutions and to make the corresponding for the uses of force but these institutions |
|
|
Positive side of anti- authoritarianism |
Believes that using reason and try to grasp the truth and determining the legitimate functions of institutions |
|
|
We /Man |
Who are the creators of the moral and political ideas |
|
|
An Essay Concerning Human Understanding |
Contains all of Locke's ideas |
|
|
Natural substances |
Know only the appearances not the underlying authorities which produce those appearance s what one legitimately claim to know and what I can't |
|
|
Two Treatises of Civil Government |
A theory of natural law and natural rights which have to distinguish between legitimate and illegitimate civil governments and to argue for the legitimacy of revolts against the tyrannical governments |
|
|
Letter Concerning Toleration |
Argues for a separation between church and state |
|
|
Two Treatises of the Government |
Purposes: 1. To refute the doctrine of the Divine and absolute right of the monarch 2. Reconcile the liberty of the citizen with politics |
|
|
Ideas |
Basis of social and political philosophy for generators |
|
|
Social contract |
Agreement reciprocal obligations |
|
|
Social contract |
agreement with which a person enters into civil society |
|
|
Social contract |
binds people into a community that exists for mutual preservation |
|
|
physical freedom (of being able to do whatever they please) |
what people sacrifice when they enter civil society |
|
|
civil freedom (of being able to think and act rationally and morally) |
what people gain when they enter civil society |
|
|
Rousseau |
believes that only in entering into the social contract can we become fully human |
|
|
problem of freedom |
the motivating force behind the Social Contract |
|
|
physical freedom |
People have this in the state of nature meaning their actions aren't restrained in any way but they are a little more than animals, slaves to their own instincts and impulses |
|
|
contemporary societies |
where people lack even the physical freedom |
|
|
absolutist king or government |
who/what people are bound to obey that isn't accountable to the people in any way |
|
|
sovereign |
voice of the law and absolute authority within a given state |
|
|
absolute monarch |
who is usually sovereign during Rousseau's time |
|
|
sovereign |
As defined by Rousseau in the social contract -all the citizens acting collectively voicing the general will and the laws of the state -cannot be presented, divided, or broken up in any way |
|
|
government |
executive power of the state which takes care of particular matters and day-to-day business |
|
|
kinds of government |
monarchy,tyranny, oligarchy,democracy,polity,aristocracy |
|
|
law |
-abstract expression of the general will that is universally applicable -deal only with people collectively -cannot deal with particulars -record of what the people collectively desires -exist to make sure that people will remain loyal to the sovereign in all cases |
|
|
general will |
will of the sovereign that aims at the common good -expresses what is best for the state as a whole |
|
|
particular will |
expresses what is best for the individual alone |
|
|
will of all |
sum total of each individual's particular will |
|
|
will of all = general will |
this happens in a healthy state because each citizen's will is the common good |
|
|
will of all =/= general will |
what happens in real world as opposed to a healthy state's will of all=general will |
|
|
state of nature |
ROUSSEAU what human life would be like without the shaping influence of society. So much of what we are is what the society makes us.He suggests that before society existed we must have been very different |
|
|
DISCOURSE ON EQUALITY |
ROUSSEAU'S BOOK speaks very highly of this prehistoric state wherein we are free to do whatever we want but own desired and impulses are not tampered by reason |
|
|
morality and rationality |
ROUSSEAU what we lack |
|
|
prehistoric state |
what Rousseau considers as better than the slavery of his contemporary society |
|
|
civil society |
opposite of the state of nature -what we enter into when we agree to live in a community |
|
|
civil freedom and the social contract |
what comes with civil society |
|
|
common good |
what is in the best interests of society as a whole - what the social contract is meant to achieve - what the general will aims at |
|
|
ROUSSEAU |
Who said "Man is born free but he is everywhere in chains." |
|
|
modern states |
ROUSSEAU believes that these repress the physical freedom that's our birthright and do nothing to secure the civil society |
|
|
legitimate political authority |
comes only from a social contract agreed upon by all citizens for their mutual preservation |
|
|
sovereign |
collective grouping of all citizens - claims that it should be considered in many ways to be like an individual person - expresses the general will that aims for the common good -only has authority over matters that are of public concern but in this domain its authority is absolute |
|
|
death penalty |
what Rousseau recommends for those who violate the Social Contract |
|
|
general will |
finds its clearest expression in the general and abstract laws of the state which are created early in the state's life |
|
|
impartial non-citizen lawgiver |
creator of the abstract laws of the state |
|
|
liberty and equality |
what all laws must ensure |
|
|
sovereign |
exercises legitimate power by means of the law |
|
|
government |
what the state needs to exercise executive power, carrying out day-to-day business |
|
|
monarchy |
strongest form of government -best suited to large populations and hot cliamtes |
|
|
aristocracy |
tends to be the most stable form of government |
|
|
government distinct from sovereign |
always in friction which will ultimately destroy the state |
|
|
meeting in regular,periodic assemblies |
exercise of people's sovereignty |
|
|
attendance in assemblies |
essential to the well-being of the state but the citizens are difficult to persuade to do this |
|
|
voting in assemblies |
people should not vote for personal good but for the common good to approach unanimity |
|
|
tribunal |
mediator between the government and sovereignty and government and the people |
|
|
brief dictatorships |
may be necessary in cases of emergencies |
|
|
1 Maintenance of order 2 Attainment of justice 3 Protection of property rights 4 Formation of administrative and foreign policies |
Functions peculiar to the state |
|
|
life, liberty, property |
property rights |
|
|
policy of the state |
only policy that matters to the state |
|
|
"peculiar" |
only the state has the ability to perform |
|
|
police power power of eminent domain taxation |
powers of the state |
|
|
1 Conservation of natural resources 2 Control of monopoly 3 Maintenance of public services 4 Preservation of health |
Functions for which the state is well-adapted |
|
|
Functions for which the state is well-adapted |
functions achieved with assistance from different groups (NGOs,POs, corporations) |
|
|
1 Regulation of religion 2 Regulation of literary production 3 Regulation of artistic production |
Functions for which the state is ill-adapted |
|
|
1 Control of people's opinions 2 Morality |
Functions for which the state is incapable of performing |
|
|
Jeremy Bentham |
Mill's godfather |
|
|
utilitarianism |
John Stuart Mill |
|
|
Mill |
Who said "The greatest good for the greatest number of citizens."? |
|
|
utilitarianism |
belief that the sole standard of morality is determined by its usefulness -teleological system |
|
|
telos |
Greek word for end/goal |
|
|
utilitarianism |
ethical system which determines morality by the end result |
|
|
Christian ethics |
based on rules |
|
|
utilitarianism |
based on results |
|
|
"what is the use of it?" |
Bentham's test question |
|
|
bentham |
developed his ethical system around the idea of pleasure - built it on ancient hedonism |
|
|
ancient hedonism |
pursued physical pleasure and avoided physical pain |
|
|
utilitarian calculus |
moral acts: maximize pleasure; minimize pain |
|
|
act = moral |
brings the greatest amount of pleasure and the least amount of pain |
|
|
Mill |
Whose utilitarianism focuses on maximizing the general happiness by calculating the greatest good for the greatest number |
|
|
quantitative |
bentham's form of utilitarianism |
|
|
qualitative |
mill's form of utilitarianism |
|
|
utilitarianism |
easily embraced because it makes a good deal of sense and seems relatively simple to apply |
|
|
radical philosophy |
where utilitarianism was first proposed |
|
|
utilitarianism |
attempted to set forth a moral system apart from divine revelation and biblical morality -provided a way for the people to live moral lives apart from the bible and its prescriptions -no need for an appeal to divine revelation |
|
|
reason (rather than revelation) |
sufficient to determine morality |
|
|
1 Simple ethical system to apply 2 Avoids the need to appeal to divine revelation 3 Most people already use a form of utilitarianism in their daily decisions |
Reasons for the appeal of Utilitarianism |
|
|
1 It leads to an "end justifies the means" mentality 2 Cannot protect the right of minorities if the goal is the greatest good for the greatest number 3 Predicting the consequences 4 Consequences themselves must be judged |
Problems with utilitarianism |
|
|
particular act |
cannot be judged simply because it may lead to a good consequence |
|
|
mecas (?) |
judged by objective and consistent standard of morality |
|
|
omniscience |
what utilitarianism should have to accurately predict the consequences of every action |
|
|
results |
the mechanism by which the action is judged |
|
|
1 Celebration of individuality 2 Disdain for conformity |
2 Key Ideas On Liberty |
|
|
liberty |
ability to progress and to avoid social stagnation |
|
|
1 Unpopular opinion may be right 2 If the opinion is wrong, refuting it would allow people to better understand their own opinions |
2 Reasons why the liberty of opinion is valuable |
|
|
liberty of action |
desirable for (1) non conformists may be correct, or may have a way of life that suits her needs, if not anybody else's (2) they challenge social complacency and keep society from stagnating |
|
|
Nacionalista Party |
Marcos' party |
|
|
parliamentary form of government |
Plan A |
|
|
Batas Militar |
Plan B |
|
|
P.D. 1081 |
declaration number of martial law |
|
|
dahas at brutalidad |
sagot sa protesta |
|
|
First Quarter Storm |
events before Martial Law |
|
|
"Battle of Mendiola" Gate 6 Malacanang |
resulta ng sagot ng gobyerno na dahas at moralidad |
|
|
Plaza Miranda (in front of quiapo Church, Downtown Manila) |
simbolo ng demokrasya at kalayaan sa pananalita |
|
|
Plaza Miranda |
tipunan ng aktibista at politiko |
|
|
Benigno Aquino Jr. |
Marcos' mortal enemy |
|
|
suspension of writ of habeas corpus |
dry run of Martial Law |
|
|
Article 7, Section 10, Paragraph 2 |
article which gave Marcos' power to suspend the writ of habeas corpus |
|
|
Joe's Department Store bombing |
only bombing incident solved -few costumers were injured -traced to someone in Philippine Constabulary in Camp Crame |
|
|
manakot |
goal of bombings |
|
|
Jose Maria Sison |
founder Communist Party of the Philippines |
|
|
New People's Army |
founded by CPP after 3 months of its founding -founders: some Hukbong Mapagpalaya ng Pilipinas (based in Central Luzon) |
|
|
Bernabe Buscayno (a.k.a. Commander Dante) |
NPA commander |
|
|
"Dream of freedom" |
The dream of forebearers according to Marcos |
|
|
Napoleon Rama |
Delegate of Cebu who filed a resolution to prevent Marcos from running for a third term which was supported by minority |
|
|
Eduardo Quintero |
(Leyte) kababayan ni Imelda na binigyan ng sobre na puno ng salapi |
|
|
Aquilino Pimentel |
delegate 1971 Constitutional Convention a friend offered subtle help |
|
|
transitory provision |
provision in which during the transition period from presidential to parliamentary the legislative and executive powers are controlled by the current president |
|
|
Benigno Aquino |
revealed Marcos' plan in a privilege speech |
|
|
OPLAN Sagittarius |
blueprint ng batas militar |
|
|
Gen.. Romeo Espino |
sumulat ng orihinal na report ng OPLAN Sagittarius -contingency plan on utilizing Armed Forces during emergencies |
|
|
Juan Ponce Enrile |
Defense Minister 2nd most powerful person during Martial Law Martial Law administrator -headed cabinet meetings in Camp Aguinaldo |
|
|
ROLEX 12 |
composed of 10 military officers; 2 civilians |
|
|
1 Juan Ponce Enrile 2 Gen. Fabian Ver 3 Gen. Romeo Espino 4 Gen. Fidel Ramos 5 Gen. Rafael Zagala 6 Gen. Ignacio Paz 7 Gen. Jose Rancudo 8 Gen. Tomas Diaz 9 Rear Admiral Hilario Cruz 10 Gen. Alfredo Montoya 11 Gen. Romeo Gatan 12 Gov. Eduardo "Danding" Cojuangco |
ROLEX 12 |
|
|
Omega watches |
what was really given instead of the alleged rolex watches |
|
|
Ruben Canoy |
opposition member of Batasang Pambansa 1978 |
|
|
Marcos and Enrile |
nagplantsa ng aspetong legal upang ipalabas na lehitimo ang martial law |
|
|
opisyal militar |
nagpatupad ng plano |
|
|
Gen. Manuel Yan |
tutol sa emergency plan - Ambassador to Thailand |
|
|
Gen. Rafael Ileto |
wasn't promoted because of disagreeing to Martial Law -forced to accept a diplomatic post for about 10 years |
|
|
Sept 22, 1972 |
ambush Juan Ponce Enrile - one of declared reasons of ML |
|
|
Primitove MIjares Conjugal Dictatorship |
nagbunyag sa katotohanan sa Enrile ambush |
|
|
February 22, 1986 |
Kailan umamin si enrile na peke ang ambush na nangyari sa kanya 14 na taon na ang nakakaraan Unang araw ng EDSA |
|
|
Wakwak Subdivision, Mandaluyong |
where Enrile was ambushed |
|
|
September 23 1972 |
proclamation of Martial Law |
|
|
21 September 1972 |
official date of P.D. 1081 |
|
|
treason, insurrection, rebellion |
People who commit their crimes are exposed to the dangers posed by the Martial Law |
|
|
"Make it look good." |
what Marcos said to Enrile before his ambush |
|
|
11 September 1917 Monday 7 AM |
birthday of Marcos |
|
|
FM |
one of the wisest man of his generation |
|
|
Marciano Marcos |
father of FM natalo ni Julio Nalundasan sa eleksyong pangcongressman |
|
|
17 taon sa bilangguan |
hatol kay Marcos sa salang pagpaslang kay Julio Nalundasan |
|
|
Jose Laurel Sr. |
hukom ng kaso ni Marcos -presidente ng puppet na republika - pinawalang sala si Marcos |
|
|
92.35 |
bar score |
|
|
Ang Maharlika |
guerilla group headed by Marcos |
|
|
Congressional Medal of Honor |
highest award given by the American government to a soldier |
|
|
Cong. Bonifacio Gillego |
WWII veteran first one who said most of Marcos' medals are fake |
|
|
Pangulo ng Senado |
pwesto na tungtungan ng mga nangangarap maging presidente ng pilipinas |
|
|
Imelda Marcos |
rosas ng Tacloban |
|
|
"TagaSur si Imelda; taga Norte ako. Pag magkasama kami, sakop namin ang..." |
what Marcos have said during an interview |
|
|
Enero 1966 |
oath of FM as 6th president of the Philippines |
|
|
17000 classrooms |
number of classrooms built during the 2 years of Marcos |
|
|
Benigno Aquino Jr. |
nag-iisang nanalo mula sa Partidong Liberal |
|
|
Jabidah massacre |
Sabah dapat makuha ng PIlipinas |
|
|
Dovie Beams |
karelasyon ni Marcos -gumanap sa Maharlika |
|
|
1969 elections |
isa sa pinakamarumi, pinakamadaya, pinakamagastos na eleksyon sa kasaysayan ng Pilipinas |
|
|
Martial Law |
a Lincolnean instrument |
|
|
23 September 1972 |
Kailan dinakip at hinuli ang mga kaaway ni marcos |
|
|
New Society / Bagong Lipunan |
kapalit ng sistemang giniba |
|
|
authoritarian government |
what Marcos' thesis is about |
|
|
constitutional authoritarianism |
what Marcos was doing based on his thesis |
|
|
Citizens' assemblies |
served as the ratification of new constitution |
|
|
3,000 Letter of Instruction and Presidential decrees |
number of lois and p.d.s declared |
|
|
Nixon |
U.S. president who didn't try to stop Marcos' plan |
|
|
Armed Forces of the Philippines |
tagapagpatupad ng Martial Law |
|
|
power is controlled by a select group no check and blance |
dangers of centralization |
|
|
Gen. Fabian Ver |
most powerful man in military world |
|
|
Presidential Guard battalion, Intelligence Service of the AFP, National Intelligence and Security Agency |
institutions headed by Gen. Ver |
|
|
Nena Fajardo |
Dinakip dahil pinaghinalaang may koneksyon sa mga communista |
|
|
Philippine Constabulary and Philippine Army |
pinagbintangan sa mga violation of human rights |
|
|
Gen. Ramos |
pumirma sa arrest warrant nila Aquino |
|
|
Primitivo Mijares |
pangunahing propagandista ng rehimeng militar |
|
|
Cocoy Romualdez |
nakaaway ni MIjares |
|
|
"Imelda Marcos |
iron butterfly Marcos' secret weapon in presidential elections governor of Metro Manila "The Other President" |
|
|
2nd Presidential Decree in Martial Law |
buong pilipinas ay isa ng land reform area; ipapamahagi ang lupa sa mga magsasaka (21 october 1971) -emancipation of tenant farmers |
|
|
Angkan ng Lopez |
pinag-initan ni Marcos maliban kay Ninoy Aquino dahil sa napakaraming negosyo |
|
|
Eugenio Lopez |
kinulong dahil pinagbintangan na sangkot sa tangkang pagpatay kay Marcos |
|
|
Meralco; ABS-CBN |
nakuha ni Marcos kapalit ng kalayaan ni Henny Lopez |
|
|
Sergio Osmena |
kasama ni Lopez na umeskapo mula sa maximum security prison sa fort bonifacio |
|
|
Cronies |
binubuo ng mga kamag-anak at "katoto" ni FM |
|
|
Crony capitalism |
bagong kaayusan sa negosyo |
|
|
Pacifico Marcos |
-doctor negosyo: insurance banking,real estate |
|
|
Fortuna Barba Marcos |
shipping |
|
|
Josefa Edralin Marcos |
pagtotroso, tobacco, food processing |
|
|
48 companies |
companies under marcos |
|
|
Cocoy Romualdez |
holds 11 companies Imelda's favorite sibling Ambassador to U.S. |
|
|
Rodolfo Cuenca (expressways) Antonio Fluerindo (?) hacienda ng saging na pang-export Ricardo Silverio sole distributor ng toyota Erminio de Seni monopoly of cigarette filter Roberto Benedicto - ABSCBN, radio newspaper Eduardo COjuangco |
cronies |
|
|
Virata Sicat Paterno |
technocrats |
|
|
Noise Barrage(?) |
"We will vote by our noise." -Aquilino Pimentel Ginanap noong April 6 1978 |
|
|
Radicalization of TraPos and activists |
Resulta ng pandadaya sa 1978 elections |
|
|
Light a Fire Movement April 6 Movement |
Mga grupong nabuo pagkatapos ng 1978 elections na sinuportahan ng mayayamang Pilipino na nadestino sa Estados Unidos |
|
|
Doris Baffrey |
Empleyado ng gobyerno at lihim na kasapi ng April 6 Movement Nagpasok ng bomba sa Pandaigdigang Komperinsya ng American Society of Travel Agents na ginanap sa Manila |
|
|
Ronald Reagan |
Bagong presidente ng US noong 1981 |
|
|
Pope John Paul II |
Santo Papang nakatakdang dumalaw sa bansa noong 1981 |
|
|
"If your husband is sincere, nothing is impossible. If your husband is not sincere, then, ,nothing is possible. If you're not sincere, the question is: 'How many will die?'" |
What Ninoy Aquino said to Mrs. Marcos before/after his departure to America |
|
|
Guns, goons, and gold |
Tradisyonal na instrumento ng pamumulitiko sa pilipinas |
|
|
Subversion,murder, illegal possession of firearms |
Salang nakapagpakulong kay Ninoy |
|
|
Hunger Strike |
Inilunsad ni Ninoy sa kulungan |
|
|
Marcial Bonifacio |
Ginamit na alyas ni Ninoy |
|
|
Lupus Erythematosus |
Sakit marcos (systemic lupus erythematosus |
|
|
Movement for a Free Philippines |
Movement sa US |
|
|
Asukal at niyog |
Produktong pang-export na tumaas ang presyo |
|
|
Balance of payments surplus |
Nangyari sa unang pagkakataon dahil sa hindi inaasahang pagtaas ng presyo ng produktong pang-export |
|
|
1976 |
In Paterno's opinion: Best year of the Marcos administration |
|
|
Giyera sa Middle East |
Dahilan ng pagtaas ng presyo ng langis at pagbagsak ng export earnings ng Pilipinas |
|
|
World Bank at International Monetary Fund |
Pinagkakautangan ng Pilipinas |
|
|
Ed Dela Torre |
Sino ang nagsabi na "Hindi na ata pwede ang reporma, pwede ba ang rebolusyon?" |
|
|
National Democratic Front |
Makakaliwang alyansa na nagtataguyog ng sandatahang pakikibaka na itinayo noing unang taon ng Batas Militar |
|
|
20,000 |
Tinatayang bilang ng armadong myembro ng CPP-NPA-NDF |
|
|
20,000 |
Tinatayang bilang ng armadong myembro ng CPP-NPA-NDF |
|
|
Moro National Liberation Front Moro Islamic Liberation Front |
Mga grupong sinupurtahan ng mayayamang bansa sa Middle East |
|
|
Chico Dam |
Proyektong ipapatayo sa Cordillera na makakasira sa mga katutubo at kanilang mga pamayanan |
|
|
Jimmy Carter |
Presidente ng Estados Unidos na nagtulak sa eleksyon ng Batasang Pambansa |
|
|
March 10, 1978 |
Kailan pinayagan si Ninoy na magsalita at mangampanya |
|
|
Lakas ng Bayan (LaBan) |
Binuong alyansa ni Ninoy |
