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278 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Behavioral sciences |
Psychology, anthropology, and sociology collectively known as |
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Social sciences |
Pre-paradigmatic stage |
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Structural-Functional Approach |
-Society as interrelated parts that are generally stable and brings order -Society as an organic whole -Society knows morality -Society is ideal |
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Social-Conflict approach |
-Society as something that has inequality based on race, gender, class -social change |
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Symbolic-Interaction approach |
Ongoing process, dynamic, variable, changing |
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Feudalism |
You have 2 cows. The landlords take most, if not all, of the milk |
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Fascism (militaristic type) |
You have two cows. The government takes both and drafts you to the military |
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Extreme Fascism |
You have 2 cows. The government takes both and shoots you |
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Socialism |
You have 2 cows. The government takes both, hires you to take care of the cows, and sells you the milk. |
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Communism (utopian) |
You have 2 cows. All of you takes care of the cows and all of you share the milk equally |
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Communism (in reality) |
You have 2 cows. All of you takes care of the cows but the government takes the milk |
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Democracy |
You have 2 cows. All of you decides on who gets the milk |
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Representative Democracy |
You have 2 cows. You pick a person who will decide who gets the milk |
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Laissez-faire(?) |
You have 2 cows. You leave them as is. |
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Capitalism |
You have 2 cows. A multinational company invests on the cows, buys the milk cheaply, exports it for processing, and sells the finished product to you |
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Structural-Functional Approach |
-reality as something scientific, objective -focus on quantitative data - empirical studies -tries to be "neutral" -researchers have advocacies |
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Symbolic-interaction approach |
-interpretive -qualitative - researcher tries to observe -researcher as a "participant" |
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Social-Conflict Approach |
-researcher as an "activist" - critical social scientists -reality is dominated by the ruling class |
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Ancient Greeks and Romans |
-Lay the political and intellectual foundations of Western culture -played a central role in shaping the history of Europe, the Middle east, north africa, and in a sense the world |
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Aegean and Mycenean civilizations |
Earliest civilizations in what would become the Greek world -trading societies |
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Aegean civilization |
Civilization centered on the island of Crete (Minoan culture) |
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Mycenean civilization |
Civilization on Greek mainland -grew wealthy thru conquest -known for fighting the Trojan War |
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Hellenes |
What the Greeks call themselves |
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Greek Dark Ages (1150-800 B.C.E.) |
Period of gradual cultural union characterized by the emergence of a common language and religion and a relatively low level of political and social development |
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Corinth, Thebes, Sparta, Athens |
Key city-states |
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City-states |
Urban centers that controlled the immediate regions surrounding them |
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Sparta |
Rigid, slave-holding dictatorshil that created the Greek world's most effective and most feared army |
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Athens |
Politically and culturally advanced city that gained wealth thru trade and power thanks to its naval strength |
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Oligarchies |
Most used way of governing the Greeks' city-states |
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Slavery |
Common but most prevalent in Sparta |
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Democracy |
Rule by the people |
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Democracy |
Ancient Greece's most significant innovation that came from Athens |
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C. 1158 |
First European universities appear |
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1347 |
Black Death begins to devastate Europe |
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1431 |
Joan of Arc is burned at the stake |
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1453 |
End of Hundred Years War |
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38 M to 74 M |
Populatiob increase between 1000 - 1300 |
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- conditions were more peacefyl and people felt more secure - warming trend in Europe's climate - improvement in agricultural technology |
Conditions of the Population Growth of Europe |
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Windmills, water wheels, iron tools, iron plow, horse collar, system of crop rotation |
Agricultural improvements |
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Three Field System or crop rotation |
Originally, half the land would be planted and the other half unplanted. -Land was divided into 3 fields (2 planted, 1 fallow) |
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grains (harvested in the summer) oats and barley, peas and beans (harvested in the fall) |
crops of the 3 field system |
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Manor |
a self sufficient agricultural estate run by a lord and worked by peasants and serfs |
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serf |
a peasant who was bound to the land and didn't own any land of their own - couldn't leave the manor, had to work to pay rent, had to pay fines and fees for various services on the manor, couldn't marry without the lord's permission - protection in the event of an invasion from the lord |
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peasant's house |
thatched roofs resting on timber, the gaps is filled with mud and straw, few if any windows, 1-2 rooms (little privacy), hearth (cook and provide heat) |
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False common misconception |
T/F People did not bathe during the Middle Ages |
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October |
beginning of the cycle of labor - preparation to plant the winter crops |
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November |
month in the cycle of labor in which they would slaughter extra livestock and preserve meat (salting) so they could have meat during the winter |
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repair tools, mend clothes, spinning, grinding grain into flour |
Chores done on winter |
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February and March (early spring) |
period in which they plant spring crops (oats, barley, peas, beans) |
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Early summer |
time in which they would weed the fields and shear their sheep |
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Feast days (holidays) |
days wherein peasants could rest - coincides with important events of the Catholic Church - about 50 of these every year |
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Village church |
center of all religious and most social activities |
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bread (a.k.a "black bread") |
staple item of the peasant diet -women: dough which contains wheat, rye, barley, millet, oats |
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ale made from grain, fermented beverage with yeast |
usual drink of peasants since water is not easy to find |
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cities |
emerged as new trading centers |
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Venice |
a city in Northern Italy which was a center with ties to the Byzantine Empire and the Middle East |
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Flanders |
city in Northern France which was famous for its wool industry |
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Fairs |
large markets where merchants got together to exchange their goods |
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commercial capitalism |
an economic system in which people invest in trade and good in order to make profits |
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development of money economy |
due to the increased demand for gold and silver instead of bartered goods as a result of the increase in trade |
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burghers / bourgeoisie |
residents of the cities |
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burg |
German word meaning a walled enclosure |
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Medieval cities |
smaller than ancient cities because of the limitation of the wall that surrounded them |
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charter ("charter of freedoms") |
allow the townspeople to run their own affairs (given by the local lord) |
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Patrician |
class that tended to dominate the politics of the towns and cities |
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city council |
served as judges and city officials - also passed laws |
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fire |
constant danger of the cities because of its conditions |
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public baths |
common but was closed down due to the Bubonic Plague |
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guilds |
business associations formed by merchants -regulated every aspect of business: set quality standards, specified methods of production, fixed prices - membership is a requirement to be able to build a business |
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1. apprentice 2. journeyman 3. create a masterpiece 4. audition 5. master craftsman |
Process of Joining a Guild |
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Pope Gregory VII |
invited many reforms for the church (Gregorian reforms) |
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The Church was founded by God Alone. The pope alone can with right be called universal. The pope alone can depose or reinstate bishops. The pope's name alone can be spoken in churches. The pope may depose of emperors. The pope may be judged by no one. The Roman Church has never erred; nor will it err to all eternity, the Scripture bearing witness. |
Statements of Pope Gregory VII |
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Papal States |
territories surrounding Rome which were controlled by the Pope and the Church |
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simony |
a practice wherein lords would sell church offices -an important source of income for lords and nobles |
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Lay Investiture |
when an abbot or bishop was appointed they were given symbols - a ring and a staff |
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ring |
represents marriage to the church |
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staff |
symbolize the duty to be a good shepherd to the people |
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Henry IV |
excommunicated apologized |
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Concordat of Worms |
an agreement passed in Worms (1122) says that the Church won the power to appoint church officials and the emperor got to give the new bishop the symbols of government authority while the church instilled the ring and staff which were symbols of spiritual authority |
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Pope Innocent III |
declared the Act of Papal Supremacy |
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excommunication interdict |
"weapons" of the church |
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excommunication |
church would cut off a single person from receiving any sacraments |
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interdict |
church would excommunicate an entire country or region |
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Baptism, Confirmation, Eucharist, Penance, Anointing of the sick, Holy orders, matrimony |
Seven Sacraments |
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New Holy Orders |
formed due to the increase in religious activity (many men and women joined monasteries and convents) |
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Cistercians |
order which was founded by a group of monks who believed that the Benedictine orders were not well disciplined -strict -order that developed a new spiritual model, strove to withdraw from the outside world but became involved thru the success of their movement |
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Franciscan Order |
founded by Francis of Assisi (admired for his humility and spiritual work) -tried to live as Christ had lived -believed in a vow of absolute poverty (no personal possessions) and that there was beauty and holiness in nature as it was a creation of God - took an active role aiding the poor and doing missionary work |
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Little Brothers |
followers of the Franciscan Order |
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Dominican Order |
founded by Dominic de Guzman (Spanish priest) believed in a vow of poverty but also believed that it was a way to attract converts and sace heretics -true mission: end heresy |
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heresy |
beliefs that went against the Catholic Church |
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Hounds of God |
Dominicans' nickname as they were watchdogs of the Catholic faith |
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The Inquisition |
special court of the church, usually headed by the Dominicans, to find and try heretics |
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Judas Cradle,Coffin Torture, The Rack, Chair of Torture (Chair of Spikes), Pear of Anguish, Rat Torture, Breast Ripper,Spanish Tickler,The Wheel, Foot Roasting, Knee Splitter, Saw Torture, The Head Crusher |
torture methods of The Inquisition |
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saints |
men and women who were considered holy and had earned a special place in heaven |
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St. Nicholas |
patron saint of Children -from Turkey |
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Virgin Mary |
mother of Jesus -most popular and highly regarded of saints |
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relics |
objects such as bones of saints or objects connected with saints which were considered worthy of worship because they provided a link between the earthly world and God -believed they can produce miracles |
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stained glass windows of churches |
used to teach stories to a mostly illiterate population |
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1150 |
date where architects begin to build the Gothic style |
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educational guilds |
start of medieval universities |
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Bologna, Italy |
location of the first medieval university |
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Grammar, Rhetoric, Logic, Arithmetic, Geometry, Music, Astronomy |
subjects studied in Medieval Universities |
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lecture |
main method of teaching |
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Theology, Law, Medicine |
various types of degrees awarded by medieval universities |
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Scholasticism |
an effort to reconcile faith and reason and show what was accepted on faith was in harmony with what could be learned through reason and experience |
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Aristotle |
proposed that our view of the world is learned thru what we experience - taught that the universe was eternal which was in conflict with the Christian teaching of Creation -believed that God was an impersonal principle that made caused order in the universe while Christianity believed that God was concerned with the deeds of the people |
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St. Thomas Aquinas |
made the most famous effort to reconcile the teachings of Aristotle with the teachings of the Church -believed there are two types of truth (religious and scientific) -believed that things related to faith did not need truth to be valid because they came from God who was infallible |
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Summa Theologica |
best known work of St. Thomas Aquinas |
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Religious truth |
things that are revealed by faith and cannot be proven by science |
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Scientific truth |
things that can be proven by science |
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Latin |
universal language of medieval civilization the language of Rome used in churches and universities |
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vernacular (Spanish, French, English, German) |
language of the common people |
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trobadour poetry |
most popular form of vernacular literature -mostly love stories about life at court between knights and ladies of the court |
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trobadours |
travelling poets and musicians who would go from court to court telling their stories of courtly love |
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Chanson de Geste |
also a popular type of vernacular literature -heroic epic poetry |
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Song of Roland |
popular work (in French) of the Chanson de Geste type -tells the story of a battle between a Muslim army and Charlemagne |
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Basilica style |
style which consisted of a rectangular building with a flat wooden roof |
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Romanesque architecture |
replaced flat roof with a rounded arch specific traits: rounded arches, thick walls with small windows and stone roofs) -dark environment: suggest power and mystery of God |
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Gothic architecture |
specific traits: Vaulted arches, flying buttresses, thinner walls and stained glass windows -more serene and self-confident |
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gargoyle |
functioned as a grotesque -meant to scare away evil spirits -also acted as water spouts for the churches |
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1350 |
(date) Black Death spreads throughout Europe |
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1378 |
date when the Great Schism (Avignon Papacy) begins |
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Black Death |
most devastating natural disaster in European history -a bacterial infection which killed 38 M |
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bubonic plague |
most common form of plague -carried by fleas which lived on black rats |
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pneumonic plague |
bubonic plague which settled in the lungs and spread by coughing |
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septicemic plague |
plague that attacked the bloodstream and could be spread from one person to another |
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headache, fever, chills, nausea, vomiting, stiffness, swellings |
symptoms of the plague |
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Anti-Semitism |
People blamed Jews for the plague; massacres of Jews occurred throughout Europe |
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Great Schism/Avignon Papacy |
election of a French Pope; the papacy moved to Avignon, France and remained there from 1305-1377 |
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Pope Urban Vi |
Italian Pope (election invalid after five months) |
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Pope Clement VII |
French Pope |
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Council of Constance |
called by the Holy Roman Emperor to resolve the Great Schism (2 Popes deposed, third resigned, new Pope elected) |
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John Wycliffe |
"salvation came from faith and not from the Church itself" |
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Jan Hus |
Czech reformer who acted upon the ideas of Church reform, spoke out against corrupt church practices, invited to the Council of Constance where he had been told he would be safe but was burned as a heretic |
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Hundred Years War |
conflict between England and France King Philip VI of France took English holdings and Edward III declared war on France -a 116-year conflict which changed both countries |
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crossbow |
French's weapon |
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longbow |
English weapon |
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Crecy |
English won |
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Agincourt |
French won |
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Joan of Arc |
young French peasant girl who claimed she heard voices that told her it was her duty to save France convinced Charles to let her lead his army in battle |
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Charles |
uncrowned King of France, the douphin |
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Orleans |
French won with the lead of Joan |
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gunpowder |
cause of French's victory in 1453 |
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taille (tax) |
imposed by King Louis XI to strengthen the power of French Monarchy |
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King Louis XI |
the spider |
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War of the Roses |
conflict between houses of York and Lancaster -house of Lancaster won |
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Henry Tutor (Henry VII) |
became the first Tutor king -abolished all private armies so nobles would not be able to rebel against him -set up an effective government administration |
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Ferdinand and Isabella |
eliminated the power of the Nobles -took control of the national church -tried to make Iberia (Spain and Portugal) homogenous |
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Reconquista |
Ferdinand and Isabella forced non-Catholics to leave Spain or convert to Christianity |
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Prince of Moscow Ivan III (Ivan the Great) |
threw off Mongol rule and established his own kingdom |
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Kremlin |
fortress; show of strength -built by Ivan the Great |
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The Republic |
Plato's most fanous work |
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Socrates |
Protagonist of Plato's early dialogues and The Republic -a literary character since Plato wrote all of his philosophical works as dialogues |
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Oracle of Delphi |
Proclaimed socrates as the wisest man in all of Athens |
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Hemlock |
Poison Socrates drank |
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The Apology |
Portrays Socrates defending himself against the accusations of the state |
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Thrasymachus |
Insists that justice is the interest of the stronger. "Why should we be just?" |
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Ring of Gyges |
Gyges is given a ring that makes him invisible; used to argue that no man would be just if he could commit unjust acts without being caught or punished |
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Virtue ethics |
Plato's ethics States that the reasoning of what is moral is determined by the person rather than by rules or consequences |
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Reason, spirit, appetite |
3 parts of the soul |
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Peloponnesian war |
Conflict between Sparta and Athens |
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Macedonia |
Greece's north neighbor Conquered Greece when it was weakened by the Peloponnesian War |
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Alexander the Great |
Ancient world's most skilled general -Hailed from the Greek-Macedonian kingdom |
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Exhaustion, alcoholism, and fever |
Cause of Alexander's death at the age of 33 |
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Alexandria |
Where the Great Library is located -became one of the Mediterranean world's greatest centers of trade, learning, and culture under Alexander the Great |
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Hellenism |
Greek's general outlook |
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Hellas |
Greek's name for Greece |
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Celebration of life and the experience of being human |
Hallmark of Hellenic culture |
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Homer |
Composed the Iliad and Odyssey |
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Aeschylus, Sophocles, Euripides |
Classical playwrights |
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Ancient Greece |
The well-spring of much of Western culture |
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Zeus |
Ruler of Mt. Olympus King of the gods God of the weather |
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Aphrodite |
Goddess of love and beauty |
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Apollo |
god of the sun Patron of truth, archery, music, medicine, and prophecy |
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Ares |
god of war |
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Artemis |
goddess of the moon Mighty huntress and "rainer of arrows" Guardian of cities, young animals, and women Twin sister of Apollo |
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Athena |
goddess of wisdom City god of Athens Patron of household crafts Protectress in war of those who worshipped her Daughter of Zeus |
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Demeter |
goddess of grains Giver of grain and fruit |
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Dionysus |
god of fertility, of joyous life and hospitality, and of wild things |
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Hephaestus |
god of fire and artisans Maker of Pandora, the first mortal woman Husband of Aphrodite |
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Hera |
Protectress of marriage, children, and the home Wife of Zeus |
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Hermes |
god of orators, writers, and commerce Protector of thieves and mischief-makers Guardian of wayfarers Messenger to mortals Son of zeus |
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Poseidon |
god of the sea and earthquakes Giver of horses to mortals |
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Archimedes |
Mathematics Explained principle of lever |
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Aristarchus |
Astronomy Concluded earth revolves around the sun |
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Anaximander |
Astronomy Pioneered conception of earth as a body suspended in space |
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Eratosthenes |
Geography Figured earth's circumference Made map complete with latitude and longitude of Asia, Africa, and Europe |
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Euclid |
Mathematics Collected and organized all existing knowledge about geometry Created axioms - fundamental rules used in modern geometry |
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Hipparchus |
Astronomy Created system of celestial machines to explain how heavenly bodies move |
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Hippocrates |
Medicine Founder of scientific medicine |
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Ptolemy |
Astronomy Developed mathematical model of Hipparchus' system of celestial mechanics |
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Pythagoras |
Mathematics Explain the nature of all things in mathematical terms |
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Thales of Miletus |
Science First known scientist Developed theory about basic substance Developed first two steps of scientific method |
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Etruscans |
foreign overlords who governed Rome for some time |
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monarchy |
government of Rome for several centuries |
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Roman Republic |
government formed by the Roman rebellion against the monarchy |
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plebian |
roman lower class |
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patrician |
roman upper class |
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Senate |
most important governing body of Rome dominated by the patrician |
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Punic Wars |
3 bitter campaigns against Carthage |
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Carthage |
a Phoenician colony on the North African coast |
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Julius Caesar |
most famous of the late republican politicians who assumed dictatorial powers during Rome's second civil war |
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Octavian (Caesar Augustus) |
first emperor of the Roman Empire Caesar's grandnephew and adopted son |
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pax Romana |
"Roman peace" the golden age of Rome from Caesar Augustus to 200s C.E. a period of power, prosperity, and peace |
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citizens and noncitizens |
division of Roman society |
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paterfamilias |
family heads |
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Romans |
master builders and engineers |
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"innocent until proven guilty" |
derived from Roman law as codified in the Twelve Tables |
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Fascist |
commentator's view of Plato's idea of the ideal government |
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arete |
Greek word for excellence |
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The Noble Lie/ Myth of Metals |
Each citizen will be told that they are destined to a certain station at birth and their soul is matched with a corresponding metal. |
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Allegory of the Cave |
a myth about the process of becoming a philosopher and looking beyond the surface of things |
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Theory of Forms |
Plato's metaphysical idea Problem of universals -- same general ideas, different particulars "What makes a dog have its essential dogness?" |
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Polis |
most general association in the Greek world containing all other associations -must aim for the highest good |
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institution of private property and slavery |
institutions which are defended by Aristotle |
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Public office |
defining feature of citizenship because it involves an active role of running the state |
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Good/Just: Monarchy, Aristocracy, Polity Bad/Unjust: Tyranny, Oligarchy, Democracy |
6 kinds of Constitution according to Aristotle |
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Polity |
Aristotle's suggested form of Constitution as it is probably the least susceptible to corruption |
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Principle of Distributive Justice |
proposed by Aristotle saying that benefits should be conferred upon different citizens depending on their contribution to the well-being of the state -honors and wealth should be distributed according to merit, so that the best people get the highest reward |
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Mutual resentment between the rich and the poor |
greatest tension in the state per Aristotle's observation |
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Deliberative, Judicial, Executive |
3 branches of civic government |
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Deliberative |
branch which make the major political decisions of the state |
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Executive |
branch which run the day-to-day business of the state |
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Judicial |
branch which oversees the legal affairs of the state |
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moderation, education, inclusiveness |
ways recommended by Aristotle to preserve the constitution |
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Education (*public education) |
important to ensuring the well-being of the city Aristotle preferred this*over private tutoring help the citizens make the best out of work and play |
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Reading and Writing, P.E., Music, Drawing |
Aristotle's education curriculum |
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male citizens who administer the state, slaves, foreigners, noncitizens/laborers |
basic elements of the state according to Aristotle |
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active citizenship |
necessary feature of the good life |
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Communitarian |
Aristotle's kind of politics |
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Justice and Education |
what will make for the strongest state |
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individual rights |
doesn't exist in Aristotle's society he preferred state over this |
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private persona |
no conception of this differs from the face people presents in public |
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endorsement of slavery |
least attractive feature of Aristotle's society |
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Aurelius Augustinus |
original name of St. Augustine |
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St. Augustine |
Catholic bishop of Hippo in Northern Africa -prolific writer -first Christian philosopher - most influential Western philosopher (according to Scholars) |
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Earth |
not eternal has both beginning and end, like time (not Time) |
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state |
divinely ordained punishment for the fallen man. with its armies, its power to command, coerce, and even put to death and its institutions (slavery and private property) |
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God |
shapes the ultimate end of man's existence through the state |
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State |
(Augustine) serves the divine purposes of punishing the wicked and refining the righteous -constitutes a sort of remedy for the effects of the Fall of Adam and Eve, in that it serves to maintain peace and order as it is possible for the present man to enjoy in the present world |
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Church |
an equal of the state as it balances the state -mirrors the City of God eternal/spiritual affairs |
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State |
an equal of the Church -mirrors the city of Man temporal affairs |
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Damnation |
result of the Fall of Adam and Eve All human beings are heirs to the effect of Adam's original sin and all the vessels of pride, greed, and self-interests |
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Human history |
constitutes the unfolding of the divine plan which willculminate in one or the other outcome for every member of the human family |
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How do the faithful operate successfully but justly in an unjust world, where selfish interests dominate, where the general welfare is rarely sought, and where good and evil men are inextricably intermingled yet search for a heavenly reward in the world hereafter? |
Central question of Augustine's politics? |
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Church, State, City of Heaven, City of World |
4 elements of the City of God |
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One cannot exist without the other. |
Relationship of the State and the Church |
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1. Be loyal to the state. 2. To defend the state. 3. To defend the constitution. 4. To engage in meaningful or gainful work or occupation. 5. To register and vote. |
Obligations of the citizen |
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St. Thomas Aquinas |
forerunner of scholasticism - the greatest Christian theologian-philosopher -died at age 49 on a road to a Church council |
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trivium quadrivium curriculum |
Aquinas' curriculum |
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trivium |
means three roads |
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quadrivium |
four roads |
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Grammar, Logic, Rhetoric |
trivium subjects |
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Arithmetic, Music, Geometry, Astronomy |
quadrivium subjects |
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Grammar, Logic, Rhetoric, Arithmetic, Music, Geometry, Astronomy |
7 basic liberal arts/ basic competencies |
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Summa Theologica |
a statement of Christian doctrines, in the light of Scripture, church tradition, and philosophies |
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Summa Contra Gentiles |
apologetic; refuting the influence of Islamic teachings in Europe |
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Gentile |
means non-believer |
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The Ways of God: For Meditation and Prayer |
one of Aquinas' greatest works |
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study of philosophy |
not done in order to know what men have thought but rather to know how truth itself stands |
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Knowing |
applies to the domain of reason -Any truth humans gain apart from the divine revelation is acquired by the unaided light of the intellect Ex.: Philosophy, Natural Sciences, Mathematics |
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Believing |
applies to the domain of revelation -Truths of the faith are acquired by believing the authoritative word of God Ex.: Theology |
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Knowledge of God |
has no domain exception |
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1. The Argument from Change to a Prime Mover. 2. The Argument from Cause and Effect to a First Cause. 3. The Argument from Contingent Beings to a Necessary Being. 4. The Argument from Degrees of Perfection to a Perfect Being. 5. The Argument from Design of the Cosmos to Designer of the Cosmos. |
5 Ways (an attempt to explain the existence of God) |
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Logic |
employed in each of the 5 ways to show that the cosmos as we know it depends in different ways upon the existence of God |
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God |
the one necessary being upon which all the existences if all other beings depends logically |
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Virtues |
guidance from the inside |
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Cardinal virtues |
part of the created nature of all humans and are knowable through reason |
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Theological virtues |
attainable only by grace through faith -Faith, Hope, Love |
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Faith |
leads our mind to see truth and our wills to accept faith |
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Hope |
makes us willing to seek Gods help in attaining happiness |
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Love |
divine gift that inclined us to seek God's friendship |
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Laws |
guidance from the outside |
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Eternal Law, Divine Law, Natural Law, Human Law |
4 Kinds of Law |
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Eternal Law |
both moral and physical principles governing all of God's creation |
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Natural Law |
part of eternal law that applies to humans, knowable through reason |
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Human (Positive) Law |
humans trying to make practical laws based on natural law Ex.: Constitution |
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Divine Law |
God's law knowable through the Bible Love God above all. Love your neighbor as you love yourself. |
