Soc Psych Chap 5-8

Front 1

Natural selection

Back 1

- the evolutionary process by which heritable traits that best enable organisms to survive and reproduce in particular environments are passed to ensuring generations.

Front 2

Evolutionary psychology

Back 2

the study of evolution of cognition and behavior using principles of natural selection.

Front 3

Culture

Back 3

the enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, and traditions shared by a large group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next.

Front 4

Norms-

Back 4

standards for accepted and expected behavior. Prescribe “proper” behavior. What others consider normal.

Front 5

Personal space

Back 5

the buffer zone we like to maintain around our bodies. Its size depends on our familiarity with whoever is near us.

Front 6

Gender-

Back 6

the characteristics, whether biologically or socially influenced, by which people define male or female

Front 7

empathy

Back 7

the vicarious experience of another’s feelings; putting oneself in another’s shoes.

Front 8

Aggression

Back 8

physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt someone. In laboratory experiments, this might mean delivering electric shocks or saying something likely to hurt another’s feelings.

Front 9

Androgynous-

Back 9

andro( man) + gyno (woman) thus mixing both masculine and feminine characteristics.

Front 10

Gender role

Back 10

- a set of behavior expectations (norms) for males and females

Front 11

Interaction

Back 11

a relationship in which the effect of one factor (such as biology) depends on another factor (such as environment)

Front 12

Conformity

Back 12

- a change in behavior or belief as the result of real or imagined group pressure

Front 13

Compliance

Back 13

- conformity that involves a publicly acting in accord with an implied or explicit request while privately disagreeing

Front 14

Obedience

Back 14

acting in accord with a direct order or command

Front 15

Acceptance

Back 15

conformity that involves both acting and believing in accord with social pressure.

Front 16

Cohesiveness

Back 16

a “we feeling”; the extent to which members of a group are bound together, such as by attraction for one another

Front 17

Normal influence-

Back 17

conformity based on a person’s desire to fulfill others’ expectations, often to gain acceptance

Front 18

Informational influence

Back 18

conformity occurring when people accept evidence about reality provided by other people

Front 19

Reactance

Back 19

a motive to protect of restore one’s sense of freedom. It may arise when someone threatens our freedom of action

Front 20

Persuasion

Back 20

the process by which a message induces change in beliefs, attitudes, or behaviors

Front 21

Central route to persuasion-

Back 21

occurs when interested people focus on the arguments and responds with favorable thoughts

Front 22

Peripheral route to persuasion-

Back 22

occurs when people are influenced by incidental cues, such as speaker’s attractiveness

Front 23

Credibility-

Back 23

believability. A credible communicator is perceived as both expert and trustworthy

Front 24

Sleeper effect-

Back 24

a delayed impact of a message that occurs when an initially discounted message becomes effective, as we remember the message but forget the reason for discounting it.

Front 25

Attractiveness-

Back 25

having qualities that appeal to an audience. An appealing communicator (often someone similar to the audience) is most persuasive on matter of subjective preference

Front 26

Recency

Back 26

effect- information presented last sometimes has the most influence. Recency effects are less common than primary effects.

Front 27

Two-step flow of communication-

Back 27

the process by which media influences often occurs through opinion leaders, who in turn influence others

Front 28

Channel of communication-

Back 28

the way the message is delivered- whether face to face, in writing, on film, or in some other way

Front 29

Need for cognition-

Back 29

the motivation to think and analyze. Assessed by agreement with items such as “the notion of thinking abstractly is appealing to me” and disagreement with items such as “I only think as hard as I have to”

Front 30

Cult-

Back 30

a group technically characterized by 1) distinctive ritual and beliefs related o its devotion to a god or person. 2) isolation from the surrounding “evil” culture. 3) a charismatic leader.

Front 31

Group-

Back 31

two of more people who, for longer than a few moments, interact with and influence one another and perceive on another as “us.”

Front 32

Deindividuation-

Back 32

loss of self-awareness and evaluation apprehension; occurs in group situations that foster responsiveness to group norms, good or bad.

Front 33

Free riders-

Back 33

people who benefit from the group but give little in return

Front 34

Social facilitation.

Back 34

- the strengthening of dominant (prevalent, likely) responses in the presence of others

Front 35

Social loafing-

Back 35

the tendency for people to exert less effort when they pool their efforts toward a common goal than when they are individually accountable

Front 36

Group polarization-

Back 36

group produced enhancement of members’ preexisting tendencies; a strengthening of the members’ average tendency, not a split within the group.

Front 37

Social comparison-

Back 37

evaluating one’s opinions and abilities by comparing oneself with others

Front 38

Pluralistic ignorance-

Back 38

a false impression of what most other people are thinking or feeling, or how they are responding

Front 39

Attitude inoculation-

Back 39

exposing people to weak attacks upon their attitudes so that when stronger attacks come, they will be readily available.

Front 40

Primacy effect-

Back 40

other things being equal, information presented first usually has the most influence

Front 41

Evaluation apprehension-

Back 41

concern for how others are evaluating us

Front 42

Groupthink-

Back 42

“the mode of thinking that persons engage in when concurrence-seeking becomes so dominant in a cohesive in-group that it tends to override realistic appraisal of alternative courses of action”- Irving Janis

Front 43

Transformational leadership-

Back 43

leadership that, enabled by a leader’s vision and inspiration, exerts significant influence

Front 44

Social leadership-

Back 44

leadership that builds teamwork, meditates conflict, and offers support.

Front 45

Task leadership-

Back 45

leadership that organizes work, sets standards, and focuses on goals

Front 46

Leadership-

Back 46

the process by which certain group members motivate and guide the group