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30 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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evolutionary psychology
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study of the evolution of cognition and behavior using principles of natural selection
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Social Norms
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rules for accepted and expected social behavior
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What is bringing distant cultures together?
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immigration and globalization
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How do cultures vary in their norms?
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expressiveness, punctuality, rule-breaking, and personal space
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rule-breaking
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when people see social norms being violated, they are more likely to follow and violate other rules
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evaluation apprehension
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concern for how others are evaluating us
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Rope-Pulling Apparatus
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People in first position pulled less hard when they thought people behind them were also pulling
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social loafing
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tendency for people to exert less effort when they are in a group than as an individual
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effort decreases as group size increases
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free riders
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people who benefit from the group but give little in return
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social facilitation
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others' presence-->individual's presence is evaluated-->evaluation apprehension-->arousal
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social loafing
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others' presence-->individual's efforts NOT evaluated-->no apprehension-->less arousal
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how can social loafing be decreased?
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when task is challenging, appealing, or when group members are friends
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deindividuation
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loss of self-awareness and evaluation apprehension; occurs in group situations that foster responsiveness to group norms, good or bad
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anonymous women delivered more shock to helps victims than did identifiable women
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group polarization
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group enhancement of members' preexisting tendencies; a strengthening of the members' average tendency, not a split within the group
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discussion will strengthen an attitude shared by group members
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how does talking over racial issues affect prejudices?
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increased prejudice in a high-prejudice group; decreased it in a low-prejudice group
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pluralistic ignorance
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false impression of what most other people are thinking or feeling, or how they are responding
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social comparison
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evaluating one's opinions and abilities by comparing oneself with others
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transformational leadership
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enabled by a leader's vision and inspiration, exerts significance influence
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social dominance orientation
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a motivation to have one's group dominate other social groups
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realistic group conflict theory
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prejudice arises from competition between groups for scarce resources
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ingroup
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"us"; group of people who share a sense of belonging and a feeling of common identity
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outgroup
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"them"; group that people perceive as distinctively different from or apart from their ingroup
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ingroup bias
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tendency to favor one's own group
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outgroup homogeneity effect
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perception of out group members as more similar to one another than are in-group members; "they are alike, we are diverse"
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own-race bias
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tendency for people to more accurately recognize faces of their own race
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stigma consciousness
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person's expectation of being victimized by prejudice or discrimination
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group-serving bias
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explaining away out group member's positive behaviors; also attributing negative behaviors to their dispositions (excuses such behavior by their own group)
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just-world phenomenon
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tendency of people to believe that the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve
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subtyping
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accommodating individuals who deviate from one's stereotype by thinking of them as "exceptions to the rule"
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subgrouping
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accommodating individuals who deviate from one's stereotype by forming a new stereotype about this subset of the group
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