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54 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Fundamental Attribution Error
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Tendency to believe that a behavior is due to a persons traits or disposition despite the situational causes present it happens to protect themselves from situational problems
personal attributes are more automatic |
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What is the just world hypothesis? In addition, explain how this hypothesis is relevant to thefundamental attribution error
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that people get what they deserve and deservewhat they get //
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Describe how appraisal processes give rise to the experience of emotion.
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!Appraisal processes !Different appraisals trigger different emotions !Thats unfair, may trigger anger; !Thats dangerous, may trigger fear !Thats delicious, may trigger happiness
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what is an appraisal process
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the way people interpret the events and objects due to the ir goals.
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core relational themes
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appraisal triggers certain emotions that are similar across cultures such as fairness danger
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components of emotion
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primary appraisal : immediate response ->pleasant or unpleasant feeling
secondary appraisal: when we think about primary apprasial :anger jealousy etc |
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emotional mimicry
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Mimicking the emotional displays of others establishes similarity between people, which increases closeness and liking
roommates have similar responses to the movies |
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Give two specific examples of how emotions can influence our moral judgment
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gut feelings
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Twenty years of research suggests that emotions have systematic effects on cognitive processes.Describe three different effects that have been documented through research.
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Based on the processing style perspective and associated research, give two examples of how positiveand negative moods have different effects on cognitive processes. |
! Emotions can influence judgments by changinghow information is processed Positive moods lead to more top-downthinking! More reliance on schemas and heuristics! Negative moods lead to more bottom-upthinking! More systematic and analytical thinking! Especially for emotions linked to sadness |
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Twenty years of research suggests that emotions have systematic effects on cognitive processes. Describe three different effects that have been documented through research |
??? |
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affective forecasting
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predicting about future emotions
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y, immune neglect
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underestimating coping behavior
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d focalism
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Tendency to focus on only one aspect of an experience or event when trying to predict future emotions
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Does the consistency between one’s attitude and one’s behavior depend on the type of information on which the attitude was based? Justify your answer on the basis of social psychological research and theory.
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seconhand information (flu shots) and specifity of information (birthcontrol and recycling experiments) (lapeures chinese)
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Describe the tenets of two cognitive consistency theories about attitude change
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balance and cognitive dissonance
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Describe the tenets of two cognitive consistency theories about attitude change
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balance theory
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People are motivated to resolve unbalanced triads
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solving unbalanced triads according to balance theory reducing inconsistency
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cognitive dissonance
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Theory that inconsistencies between thoughts, feelings, and behavior create an unpleasant mental state (cognitive dissonance) that motivates mental efforts to resolve them
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Describe the conditions under which attitude-behavior inconsistency is most likely to produce dissonance.
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1. after making decisions amongst alternatives ESPECIALLY DIFFICULT CHOICES
2. after spending a lot of effort 3. after engaging in behavior that does not match one’s attitude the behavior was freely chosen !the behavior was not justified !the behavior had negative consequences !the negative consequences were foreseeable |
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how to resolve decision dissonance
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emphasizing the positives and minimizing the negatives of the selected choice
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how to resolve effort dissonance
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justification"Study found that women who had to undergo the most severe initiation to join a discussion group reported the most liking for the group even though the discussion was actually uninteresting"
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festinger's cognitive dissonance vs Bem's self perception theory
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if prior attitude is weak people use self perception if strong they face cognitive dissonance
Cognitive dissonance involves arousal ( |
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self perception theory
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Theory that people infer their attitudes from observing their behavior
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system justification theory
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Theory that people are motivated to see the existing political and social status quo as desirable, fair, and legitimate
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insufficient justification
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dissonance may occur when the reason for a behavior is weak or unclear !With sufficient justification (that is, more money, larger threat), the behavior doesnt need to be rationalized
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functions of attitudes
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-utilitarian function: we know hwether we like/dislike sth ( women are particularly sensitive to taste during pregnancy, our attitude towards sweet food) (pairing beatuifyul women with cars)
-ego defensive function: cherish and defend beliefs (conservatives) - value expressive function: express their most cherished values (university clubs, fanaticism (Bennington) - knowledge function: help us understand the world (carter reagan undecided) |
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Terror management theory (TMT)
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he knowledge of mortality produces an anxiety that leads people to search for symbolic immortality
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Recall that Newcomb examined whether students’ political attitudes would change or stay the same as they progressed through four years at Bennington College. What were his results?
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Conservative students changed their attitudes with liberal environment showing the value expressive function's role in lasting change in attitude
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agine you are a participant in Leventhal and his colleagues’ study. Recall that participants (a) watched a scary film about lung cancer; (b) read a pamphlet of suggestions for how to quit smoking; or (c) watched the scary film and read the pamphlet. Which condition would be most effective in helping you quit smoking? Why
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combination of both because moderate fear and information related leads to attitude change and persuasion
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routes of persuasion
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central route: changes through reasoning( infographics)
peripheral route: changes through feelings (hidden implicit) |
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peripheral route
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-characterictics of source: how handsome he is
-#of arguments (the more the merrier even the shallow) -group consensus |
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when is central route is effective?
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when the message is personal and we know about it or feel responsible about it
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peripheral routes are effective when?
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- we lack motivation /responsible to act
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bElif does not think carefully and deliberately about what a politician says during a debate. Instead, she attends to the politician’s winning smile and boyish good looks. What route to persuasion is she taking?
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peripheral
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Mustafa, an advertising executive, wants to use subliminal advertising to encourage people to buy his product. According to the research reviewed in the textbook, what effect will the use of subliminal advertising have on product sales?
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not much because if people have attitudes: it does not work. even if they dont have attitdes since its not in the lab environment its really hard in the multiple advertising environment
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Summarize research findings on how moods affect a person’s susceptibility to persuasive messages.
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Messages are more persuasive when they match the mood of the receiver
people who are exposed to messages while eating or listening to music they are more likely to change their attitudes petty's work on mood _> pessimistic people are more effected from pessimistic data |
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The Sleeper Effect
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Messages from unreliable sources are rejected initially but over time people forget they discounted the information and it causes individuals’ attitudes to shift
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Describe the conditions under which a person will take the peripheral route to persuasion as opposed to the central route to persuasion. Give examples.
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CR -> when the message is personal, we know about it, we feel responsible HIGH NEED OF COGNITION
PR -> when we feel no motivation |
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As you drive in to school, you hear a random radio-show caller arguing that sun exposure really has not been shown to cause skin cancer, and that some research suggests that skin cancer is completely genetic and not related to sun exposure at all. At the time, you think that this is a silly argument and that the caller doesn’t know what she is talking about. However, two months later, you are outside without wearing sunscreen, and you find yourself remembering that you had read something about how the sun actually doesn’t cause skin cancer. What has influenced your attitude
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sleeper effect
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principle of attitude inoculation, and give an example of how you might use it to increase resistance to persuasion attempts you might face in everyday life.
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Repeatedly defending an attitude will strengthen it and make it more resistant to change
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Imagine that your sister smokes cigarettes. Describe how selective attention and selective evaluation can make your sister resistant to antismoking messages.
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she does not attend to them
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Describe two source characteristics that increase a person’s ability to persuade others, giving an exampleof each. Then discuss why these characteristics affect persuasion
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either accreditable or attractiveness
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Do the media have strong or weak effects on individuals’ behaviors? Use research to justify your answer
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third person effect
political ad campaigns PSA's adverstising |
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conformity
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change in behavior with or without explicitpressure from others (fashion trends )
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Compliance
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!Following the request ofanother person,regardless of thatpersons status
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obedience
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Following the demandsof someone who ishigher in social powerthan oneself
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Why is conformity beneficial for society?
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to ourselves (we dont have to consider each option),
to society (eliminates potential conflict= |
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Recall that Sherif showed participants a point of light in a completely darkened room. The participantswere asked to judge the light’s movement. What does this study suggest?
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informationalsocial influence: autokinetic illusion: when we are unncertain on how to behave and what is factually correct
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Compare and contrast informational and normative social influence.
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II -> to be accurate" /hard task/change of attitude /internalize
SI -> to be liked /easy task/ dont believe internally/ no change in attityde |
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Describe the conditions under which internalization of a group’s view is most likely to occur
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when there is uninanimity/ size is large
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How did Milgram test whether the remoteness of a victim influences obedience to authority? Refer to thevarious conditions he studied and how they influenced obedience levels.
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No visual or audio feedback, audio feedback,same room (visual and audio feedback), and touchproximity ,
Proximity to victim!Proximity to authority!Legitimacy of the experiment!Location of the experiment |
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compliance technique
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norm of reciprocity -> WHEN someone gives sth we try to give sth to them / buy from them
door in the face -> make a large then small request that's not all ->Adding somethingadditional to the offer!Why it works: we feellike we are gettingmore than expected;the added bonusincreases pressure toreciprocate, Foot-in-the-doortechnique -> make small request followerd by large |
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Give an example of an emotion-based strategy for getting someone to comply with your request for help.Then explain how and why this strategy should influence compliance in this situation
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positive moods increase compliance for a short period of time because people want to maintain their mood
negative approach -> either people comply to relief or guilt |
