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59 Cards in this Set
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- Back
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Feminism |
a conscious raising movement 2 get ppl 2 understand that gender is an organizing principle of life |
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Feminism's underlying belief |
women and men should be given equal opportunities and respect |
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it structures relations btwn ppl - does this on unequal ground (pwrs and privileges at stake) |
Why does Gender matter? (according to feminists) |
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sexuality |
desire, sexual preferences, and sexual identity and behavior
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gender |
a social position
the set of social arrangements that are built around normative sex categories -can be based on physical, behavioral, mental, emotional characteristics |
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Paradox of Gender
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it is a social construction so deeply rooted and seemingly natural that it is a major structure organizing our everyday lives - our goals, desires, bodies
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essentialism |
line of thought that explains social phenomena in terms of natural phenomena |
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biological determinism |
line of thought that explains social behavior in terms of who you are in the natural world
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hegemonic masculinity |
condition in which men are dominant and privileged and this dominance and privilege is inevitable
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hegemony |
the complete dominance of a group of ppl, a type of pwr so complete that it is unnoticed by the dominated ppl
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Intersex |
any human body that has characteristics of both male and female
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sex -biological -male/female gender -status -normative -built around sex |
Gender v Sex |
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-there is a continuum btwn masculine and feminine -diff w/n categories are as great as the differences btwn them -gender differs across cultures (naddle, hirjas) -gender differs across history |
How do we know Gender is socially constructed? |
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Patriarchy |
nearly universal system involving the subordination of femininity to masculinity |
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Structural Functionalism |
theoretical tradition claiming that every society has certain structures that exist to fulfill some set of necessary functions. |
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Sex role theory (Talcott Parson) (structural functionalism - also Parson's theory) |
men and women perform their sex roles as breadwinners/wives-mothers, bc the nuclear form is the ideal arrangement n modern societies, fulfilling the production of reproducing workers. - PROBLEM: doesn't explain why structures change throughout history |
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gender inequality is first about pwr inequality and gender differences emerge from there -genders differences are the product not the cause of gender inequality |
Radical Feminists say... |
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"Bio - logic" |
western cultural logic that runs deep in our cultural experiences and understandings of gender |
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Sexism |
when a persons sex or gender is the basis for judgement, discrimination, and hatred against him or her |
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"deceptive distinctions" |
same differences (in gender) that arise bc of the particular roles individuals come to occupy -more differences among boys & girls than btwn them |
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Sexual harrasment |
illegal discrimination involving everything from inappropriate jokes on the job to outright sexual assault to sexual "barter", all intended to make women uncomfortable on the job - chief way men resist gender inequality |
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glass ceiling |
an invisible limit on women's climb up the occupational ladder -employers invest less in women of child bearing age -assumed to need less (secondary income) -few legal protections from discriminatory hirings/promotions |
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Glass escalator |
the accelerated promotion of men to the top of a work organization especially in feminized jobs |
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Essentialist Theories on Gender |
-sex & gender are inseparable (biological) -gender characteristics and differences are fixed AND fixed IN genetics hormones,psychology *can't explain gender differences overtime and across societies |
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Socialization Theories on Gender |
*stress the process of learning gender roles through positive and negative sanctions -gender roles are learned; they embody explicit social norms and tacit cultural beliefs (norms of etiquette, entertainment, emotional displays, "body work") - conformity is rewarded, deviance punished -Agents of socialization:family, peers, corporation/mass media |
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Structural Theories on Gender |
* view gender as a social status governed by institutional contexts, rules, norm, & beliefs -gender categories= social positions governed by their roles and shaped by their contexts -institutions systematically segregate and distribute Men&Women (Obstacles: sexualization of W,limited voting; Opportunities: ^ voting rights, fam-friendly work policies) --"pink collar" jobs |
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"Pink Collar" Jobs |
- women geared to/stuck in jobs with lower wages and less advancement -(structural) |
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Symbolic Interactionist Theories on Gender |
* highlight the ongoing process of gender constructions(interpretations&expectations) and view gender as a performance or ongoing accomplishment enacted in everyday interactions -always "doing gender"(w&z); constant risk of gender assessment -ongoing gender conformity (from pressure of social expectations/ generalized other) reinforces institutional arrangements based on gender -nonconformity is more likely to reflect poorly on individuals than institutions. |
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Authority |
The justifiable right to exercise pwr - you have ____ if you can persuade subordinates that ur claim to pwr is valid -physical ability to back up 1's ___ is implicitly understood - obedience to ______ = pwrful mechanism of social control |
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Politics |
pwr relations among people or other social actors |
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Paradox of Authority |
physical coercion strips the state of all legitimate authority - proof no1 is listening -the moment violence is used all authority is lost |
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1) Charismatic Authority (perceived,charisma) 2) Traditional Authority (parents) 3) Legal - Rational Authority (routines, attached to 1's role/ social status or position) |
Max Weber's 3 types of Authority |
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Charismatic Authority |
rests on the personal appeal of an individual leader
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Traditional Authority |
rests on appeals to the past or traditions
-do everything as done b4 -obeyed bc of traditional status |
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Legal - Rational Authority |
based on legal, impersonal rules that detail procedures
--transcend individuals; attached to roles -(the rules rule) |
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Routinization |
the clear, rule - governed procedures used repeatedly for decision making |
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Rationalization ("Modern society is becoming increasingly rationalized"- weber) |
an ever expanding process of ordering or organizing
- efficiency - meritocracy -shift away from charismatic a. toward legal-rational a. |
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Bureaucracy |
a legal-rational organization or mode of administration that governs w reference to formal rules & roles; emphasizes meritocracy -the fact that everyone has a superior legitimates authority at each level |
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1) Hierarchy 2) Specialization 3) Meritocracy 4) Impersonality 5) Rules and Regulations( formal written records) |
5 characteristics that define Bureaucracy |
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Danger of Bureaucracy |
lack of personal responsibility for one's moral decisions w/n the framework of the organization - Weber: Brcy= iron cage of modern life, unstoppable totalizing machine becoming ubiquitous in the modern world |
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Specialization |
the process of breaking up work into specific, delimited tasks
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Taylorism - created by F.W. Taylor |
methods of labor management to streamline the processes of mass production in which each worker performs 1 specific task |
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Meritocracy |
society that assigns social status, pwr, & economic rewards on achievement, not ascribed personal attributes or favoritism
-rewarded based on merit |
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(Stanley) Milgram experiment |
experiment to see how far ppl would go to obey a scientific authority figure (1961) |
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Power |
the ability to carry out one's own will despite resistance
-may be based on all conceivable qualities of a person and combinations off circumstances |
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Domination - 2 types? |
the probability that a command w specific content will be obeyed by a given group of ppl -"special case of pwr" |
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Domination by economic power (more common) |
control by virtue of a constellation of interests or by virtue of a position of monopoly
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Domination by Authority -hidden under any form of dom. by auth. is the threat of violence |
-the will of the ruler influences the conduct of the ruled so they act as if the ruler's will were also their own
-willing obedience of the ruled to the commands of legitimate authority |
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State |
"a human community that successfully claims the monopoly of the legitimate use of physical force w/n a given territory" - weber
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Coercion |
the use of force to get others to do what you want |
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Weber: where there is pwr... |
there must be resistance |
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1st Dimension - "pluralist conflict" 2nd Dimension - "limited conflict" 3rd Dimension - "pre -empt conflict" |
(Steven) Lukes 3 Dimensions of Pwr -pwr = 3 dimensional |
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1st Dimension of pwr |
-visible when diff. agendas clash, conflict results, and 1 side prevails -divergent interests and visible conflict -pwr lies in the ability to influence decisions; Overt -pluralist conflict |
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2nd Dimension of pwr |
-when pwr is so formidable that no conflict results from competing interests bc 1 side is convinced it's a losing battle -divergent interests and no or invisible conflict; covert -pwr lies in the ability to limit potential issues/groups from being considered (avoided conflict - issues not brought to the table) -limited conflict |
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3rd Dimension of pwr (Luke's contribution) |
-pwr 2 persevere despite resistance (covert/overt) &2 prevent conflicts from arising n the 1st place -convergent interests & no conflict -pwr lies n the ability 2 shape the interests/preferences of others (through manipulation) -pre-empt conflict |
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Invisible Pwr |
can be weilded by shaping the choice set; frame the terms of debate |
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-coercion (forced) -authority (depends on threat of coercion) |
Why do we submit to the will of others? |
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-example: pig farm characteristics --efficiency --predictability --calculability (quantification) --substitution of nonhuman technology -- control (of uncertainty)- ppl create uncertainty |
McDonaldization (Ritzer) |
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sex |
the biological differences that distinguish males from females |
