Soc Final

Front 1

Deviance

Back 1

Violation of norms (or rules or expectations)

Front 2

Crime

Back 2

Violation of norms written into law

Front 3

Stigma

Back 3

“blemishes” that discredit a person’s claim to a “normal” identity

Front 4

Social order

Back 4

A group’s usual and customary arrangements, on which its members depend and on which they base their lives

Front 5

Social control

Back 5

A group’s formal and informal means of enforcing its norms

Front 6

Negative sanction

Back 6

An expression of disapproval for breaking a norm, ranging from a mild, informal reaction such as a frown to a formal reaction such as a fine or prison sentence

Front 7

Positive sanction

Back 7

An expression of approval for following a norm, ranging from a smile or a good grade in a class to a material reward such as a prize

Front 8

Control theory

Back 8

The idea that two control systems—inner controls and out controls—work against out tendencies to deviate

Front 9

Labeling theory

Back 9

The view that the labels people are given affect their own and others’ perceptions of them, thus channeling their behavior into either deviance or conformity

Front 10

Degradation ceremony

Back 10

A term coined by Harold Garfinkel to refer to a ritual whose goal is to remake someone’s self by stripping away that individual’s self-identity and stamping a new identity in its place

Front 11

Strain theory

Back 11

Robert Merton’s term for the strain engendered when a society socializes large numbers of people to desire a cultural goal (such as success), but withholds from some of the approved means of reaching that goal; one adaption to the strain is crime, the choice of an innovative means (one outside the approved system) to attain the cultural goal

Front 12

Illegitimate opportunity structure

Back 12

Opportunities for crimes that are woven into the texture of life

Front 13

White-collar crime

Back 13

Edwin sutherland’s term of crimes committed by people of respectable and high social status in the course of their occupations; for example, bribery of public officials, securities violations, embezzlement, false advertising, and price fixing

Front 14

Corporate crime

Back 14

Crimes committed by executives in order to benefit their corporation

Front 15

Recidivism rate

Back 15

The percentage of released convicts who are rearrested

Front 16

Capital punishment

Back 16

The death penalty

Front 17

Medicalization of deviance

Back 17

To make deviance a medical matter, a symptom of some underlying illness that needs to be treated by physicians

Front 18

Sex

Back 18

Biological characteristics that distinguish females and males, consisting of primary and secondary sex characteristics

Front 19

Gender

Back 19

The behaviors and attitudes that a society considers proper for its males and females; masculinity or femininity

Front 20

Patriarchy

Back 20

Men-as-a-group dominating women-as-a-group, authority is vested in males

Front 21

Feminism

Back 21

The philosophy that men and women should be politically, economically, and socially equal; organized activities on behalf of this principle

Front 22

Glass ceiling

Back 22

The mostly invisible barrier that keeps women from advancing to the top levels at work

Front 23

Sexual harassment

Back 23

The abuse of one’s position of authority to force unwanted sexual demands on someone

Front 24

Race

Back 24

A group whose inherited physical characteristics distinguish it from other groups

Front 25

Genocide

Back 25

The annihilation or attempted annihilation of a people because of their presumed race or ethnicity

Front 26

Minority group

Back 26

People who are singled out for unequal treatment and who regard themselves as objects of collective discrimination

Front 27

Dominant group

Back 27

The group with the most power, greatest privileges, and highest social status

Front 28

Ethnic work

Back 28

Activities designed to discover, enhance, maintain, or transmit an ethnic or racial identity

Front 29

Discrimination

Back 29

An act of unfair treatment directed against an individual or group

Front 30

Racism

Back 30

Prejudice and discrimination on the basis of race

Front 31

Prejudice

Back 31

An attitude or prejudging, usually in a negative way

Front 32

Contact theory

Back 32

The idea that prejudice and negative stereotypes decrease and racial-ethnic relations improve when people from different racial-ethnic backgrounds, who are of equal status, interact frequently

Front 33

Individual discrimination

Back 33

Person-to-person or face-to-face discrimination; the negative treatment of people by other individuals

Front 34

Institutional discrimination

Back 34

Negative treatment of a minority group that is built into a society’s institution; also called systematic discrimination

Front 35

Scapegoat

Back 35

An individual or group unfairly blamed for someone else’s troubles

Front 36

Ethnic cleansing

Back 36

A policy of eliminating a population; includes forcible expulsion and genocide

Front 37

Segregation

Back 37

The process of being absorbed into the mainstream culture

Front 38

Multiculturalism (pluralism)

Back 38

A policy that permits or encourages ethnic differences

Front 39

Graying of America

Back 39

The growing percentage of older people in the US population

Front 40

Life span

Back 40

The maximum length of life of a species; for humans, the longest that human has lived

Front 41

Ageism

Back 41

Prejudice and discrimination directed against people because of their age; can be directed against any age group, including youth

Front 42

Disengagement theory

Back 42

The view that society is stabilized by having the elderly retire (disengage from) their positions of responsibility so the younger generation can step into their shoes

Front 43

Activity theory

Back 43

The view that satisfaction during old age is related to a person’s amount and quality of activity

Front 44

Continuity theory

Back 44

Theory focusing on how people adjust to retirement by continuing aspects of their earlier lives

Front 45

Hospice

Back 45

A place (for services brought to someone’s home) for the purpose of giving comfort and dignity to a dying person

Front 46

Polygyny

Back 46

A form of marriage in which men have more than one wife

Front 47

Polyandry

Back 47

A form of marriage in which women have more than one husband

Front 48

Family

Back 48

Two or more people who consider themselves related by blood, marriage, or adoption

Front 49

Nuclear family

Back 49

A family consisting of a husband, wife, and child(ren)

Front 50

Extended family

Back 50

A family in which relatives, such as “older generation” or unmarried aunts and uncles, live with the parents and their children

Front 51

Family of orientation

Back 51

The family in which a person grows up

Front 52

Family procreation

Back 52

The family formed when a couple’s first child is born

Front 53

Marriage

Back 53

A group’s approved mating arrangements, usually marked by a ritual or some sort

Front 54

Incest taboo

Back 54

The rule that prohibits sex and marriage among designated relatives

Front 55

Matriarchy

Back 55

A society in which women-as-a-group dominate men-as-a-group; authority is vested in females

Front 56

Homogamy

Back 56

The tendency of people with similar characteristics to marry one another

Front 57

Blended family

Back 57

A family whose members were once part of other families

Front 58

Cohabitation

Back 58

Unmarried couples living together in a sexual relationship

Front 59

Incest

Back 59

Sexual relations between specified relatives, such as brothers and sisters or parents and children

Front 60

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Back 60

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