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55 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Define the functionalistic orgin of gender differences?
oSee the origin of gender difference resulting from universal
oEarly history society divided division of labor instrumental role and expressive role
oWomen became more oriented to be expressisve- men instrumental
Define the conflict orgin of gender difference?
oSee origin of gender difference in historic ability of men to monoplolize power
oEconomic resources that men have monopolized and political
Define the interactionist orgin of gender difference?
oDoing gender perspective
Difference between men and women
Difference still have to be acted out
 Focus on the way we symbolically act out gender differences
What is the main point of judith lorder ''night to his day''
gender is socially constructed
What is the evidence derived from Lorder's, "Night to his day."
oIf gender is biological, then why are there more than 2 genders?
Blending of male and female
oUbiquity of gender bending
Men and women take on the roles of the opposite gender
Able to pass as other gender
Gender cant be that biologically ascribed
oWomen can be asserted as honorary men
Define Gender identity?
oFelt conception that we have of being male or female
oLoyalty to our gender
oEarly in childhood is when we do this
Define Gender displays?
oAll the ways that we do it
oPosture, voice, clothing- mostly nonverbal
What is the main point of Lucal's "being gendered me."
• Main point
o The problems in day to day interaction that author encountered
o Gender identity didn’t match gender displays
o Doing gender
What does Risman discuss in, "Gender as Structure"
• Doing gender + gender socialization (importance on learning early on) + institutional theories (looking at men and women in corporations) explain differences in gender behavior and sources available
o All of these have to be taken in account – Risman
Define Gender roles
o Cultural expectations that define the ways in which members of each gender should behave in particular positions in the social structure
Define GenderED roles
• Gendered roles
o A role exhibits qualities that are able to be distinguished as male of female and they give values to those roles
o Women = more nurturing roles
o Nursing = a gendered role
Define homophobia?
• Social stigma attached to homosexuality
• Related to gender inequality
o The continuing stigma places pressure on all males to exhibit only masculine behaviors and females only female behaviors
o This is one way gender roles are enforced
Define primary gender socialization?
• Early childhood
• Acquisition of gender identity (3 years old)
• Conditioning, modeling
• Primary groups- caretakers- parents
• Example: when parents respond differently to crying boys and girls- discourage boys sympathize with girls- girls get pink boys get blue
Define secondary gender socialization?
• Later childhood
• Different agents of socialization become important
o Peers, media, institutions (schools)
 More rigid because more anonymous
• For teenage girl, more intense pressure to conform to gender roles results in crisis
What are some trends in women's labor marker participation in US history?
• Before sexual revolution (shift for women into labor market), it is wrong to assume that’s when women began working outside home
• 19th century, young single women worked in factory
• But when married they were excluded
• Single women’s wages were seen as property of the men (father/husband)
• This shift (married women into labor force) WWII- then backlash, then series of historical changes
What are some factors that contribute to changing gender norms and help in increasing economic independence of women?
• 5 big historical trends
o Sexual revolution
o Decline in legal obstacles to divorce
o Expansion of higher education
o Rebirth of women’s movement
o Economy changed
 Jobs weren’t restricted to only men
Define contemporary gender inequality?
• Main point
o There is still despite progress, a substantial income gap between men and women (.75 women = 1.00 for men)
o Changes in marriage have effected men and women
o Women’s movement that dependence of women on marriage would increase power in society- men tend to get the better end of a divorce- men come out better women don’t
Define gender discrimination and sexual harassment?
• There are different kinds of sexual harassment
o Quick pro quo-
 Men use power to extract some sort of sexual favor
o men make women miserable on purpose
o institutional
 disadvantage women and advantage men
 example of seniority
• promotions
What is the 'glass ceiling'?
despite increasing opportunities in labor market
• women are still unrepresented
• example
o less than 15% of higher positions were held by women (fortune 500)
What is the 'second shift'?
• chores get divided up
o refers to the unequal distribution of work between men and women
o women have 2 jobs
• regular job and home job
What is the social construction of deviance?
oevery norm has an area of permissible variation
ostandard way of greeting people
What is the cultural relativity of deviance?
osome see men having sex with little boys as ok
What is the zone of permissible variation?
ono one act is inherently good or bad
What is the positive function of crime and functionalist analysis of deviance?
• Positive function
o Punishment of crime
 Serves to clarify norms
• Functional analysis would day…
o Jean benet ramsey
 Reason they capture attention is to unite in something we all believe in
What is the theory of differential association?
• Theory of crime and delinquency
• Summed up: kids will go bad if they run with crowds that are bad
• They learn to be good/bad in primary groups
• If kinds ASSOCIATE in an environment with those behaviros, they too will have those behaviors
What is the strain theory: illustartion of typology?
• Develop a typology of deviance based on seeing anomie as a mismatch between the socially recommended goals to which our lives should be directed and the socially recommended way to achieve those goals
• People lose faith in means- innovation
o Crime as business is example
o Make money is only goal
o Accept success, but not moral
Define ritualism?
• Ritualism
o Don’t believe in end, but keep going thru the motions
Define retreatism?
rejecting both goals and means and drop out of society
Define control theory?
Hershier: Young people are more likely to conform if their bond to society is strong
Define the interactionist perspective of the labeling theory?
o There are always more deviant acts than those which are recognized
o Depends on whether they are labeled deviant or not
o Deviance is not intrinsic to an act
o Labeling someone as deviant- locks people into deviant actions
 Respond to label
Define the primary deviance of the labeling theory?
o Primary
 Might be labeled deviant and actions but aren’t recognized
 Keep alcohol in drawer
 No one knows
Define the secondary deviance of the labeling theory?
 Labeled as deviant
 Known as alcoholic
What did Rosenham discuss in his work, "On being sane in insane places."
• Others respond to label
• Mental patients
o All actions were viewed according to label
o They did _____ because they are a mental patient
What did McLong & Taub, "anorexia and bulimia"
• Primary and secondary deviance
• Primary
o Women who adopted deviant means to be thin
o Were initially given positive reinforcements
o After labeled, adopted anorexic weight as normal weight and their disorder were their dominant identity
• Secondary deviance- when people see them as anorexic
What did conflict perspective on crime and deviance?
•When it comes to crime, Keep powerful in power and less in less
•People who aren’t expected to do the crimes aren’t given as bad of punishments
•White collar crimes = light sentences
oPeople with some social standing
•Street crime = punished harshly
oPeople that are poop
•Support inequalities
oCivil war- certain activities (looking for a job) were criminalized, made to support plantation system after civil war
Directly supported status quo
•Certain crimes indirectly support status quo
oRape
Specific men against specific women
Used ideologically as a way of promoting fear- power of men over women
What is the functionalist defition of institutions?
• Functionalistic– institutions serve universal problems that society has to solve
• Wide variety of ways that institutions solve universal functions
What is the conflict perspective definition of institions?
• Usually the most powerful in any institutional setting gets the best of the goods that that institution produces
Define the authority form of power?
o Those people obey not because of a fear of consequences, but because they believe that following the orders is a good thing, an end in itself
o Obedience is right, that is the quality of legitimacy
o Authority is legitimated power
o Authority Can be property or positions or individuals
Define 'The State' and its components?
•It holds a monopoly of violence and uses that monopoly to dominate a territory and the people in it
•Unless the state can limit people’s ability to use violence, then you can’t say that the state exists
•Every state is composed of 3 basic parts
oGovernment- will of the state
oPolity- members of the state that have influence over the state
oMilitary and police- authorized agents
Define Weber's ideal of traditional types of authority?
o Invested in person not position
o Justified by mores and folkways
o Oldest form
o Can be passed on
Define Weber's ideal of charismatic types of authority?
oInvested in person but not position
oPerson is perceived as special
o May change and reinterpret ideas
o Can’t be transferred- too personal
oExample
Jesus
MLKJ
Define Weber's ideal of rational types of authority?
oMost modern
oBased on position
oBased on written authority
oEffective and efficient
oCan be transferred- can move people in and out
Define Weber's theory on bureaucracy?
•Social structure that is made up of statuses and roles governed by written rules and regulations
•Important qualities
oGoverned by written regulation
oBasis of: Technical competence
oDecisions are record d in written documents
oAuthority is not the property of the office holders
Is it in the office
•Took over more and more positions because it is technically efficient in delegating authority
Define Mills theories on the "power elite"?
• All about bureaucracy and the effect in the most important institutions (states and modern business corporations)
• Power elite consists of the heads of the gov’t military and big corporations (top of pyramids)
• Leaders form not contending power, but a self conscious class that mutually support eachother’s power
• Positions at the top are based on rational legal authority, but they accumulate power and prestige and use it to sway public opinion
Define the social functions of religion?
• Defined by the social function of transmitting sacred values
• Society couldn’t unite around a shared value system without religion
o Solves problem of social solidarity
What did Drukheim discuss about religion and the collective conscience?
• Religion originates in collective conscious
• When we Worship whatever we worship we are really worshiping society
What did Marx discuss abnout religion and the false consciousness, base vs. superstructure?
• Saw religion as false consciousness
• False consciousness
o Focuses on something to distract them from their real problems
• Change can only come from the base- struggle in class
Define the conflict theory: how religion supports status quo?
• Other conflict theories see how religion has ordered the status quo thru history
• White slave owners- required them to practice Christianity
How did Weber comapre religion and social change, in his critique of Marx?
• Opposed marx
• Religion and culture could explain aspects of economy
• Religious change can explain where when and by whom
What did Finke and Starke discuss in, "Mainline decline."
•See institutions as competitive arena
•Mainline- adapt to modern life
o More tolerant
o Creates free rider problem
 Enjoy benefits without contributing
 Weakens market share
What is the definition of education and institution (conflict vs. functionalists)?
• Functionalists:
o All groups and organizations that accomplish secondary socialization and teach skills
• Conflict
o All groups and organizations that are struggling to monopolize
o Look at credentials
Define functionalist perspective: functions of education in modern society?
• Education at center of how society evolves from ascription to achievement
• Function:
o Most educated people in hardest jobs
o To teach values
• Modern education has to teach cognitive skills rather than specific job skills
What is Bowles' and Gintis'?
• Marx oriented
• Disputes functionalists notion that education provides equal opportunity
• Public schools- working class- obedient workers
• Upper and middle class- exercise authority in higher paying jobs
• Education is funded locally
• Reinforces class inequality
Define the credentials and Randall Collins' theory of American education
• Giving credentials that others couldn’t do without those credentials
• Limit access to other jobs
• Competition between status groups***
Define Cultural Capital?
• Habits ways of talking (style) marks people as a member of a certain group
• Pioneered by Pier Vorgue??
• Big consequence for limiting social mobility
o Those styles are valued by elite institutions (universities)
• Operating at multiple levels
o Working students vs. professors
 Working class students couldn’t understand the big words