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56 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Deviance |
Any violation of established norms within a social group,culture, or society |
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Social control |
Process in which we are taught, expected, and forced to confirm to social norms |
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Informal control |
Self control based on the thoughts of others |
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Formal control |
Administered by bureaucracies in terms of fines, imprisonment, or expulsion |
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Crime |
The violation of written, legal rules. Represents a type of formal social control |
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Stigma |
Characteristics of individuals that discredit their identities and spoil their role performances |
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Differential association theory |
States deviance is learned in the process of association among social groups |
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Control theory |
States control systems work against deviant motivations |
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Labeling theory |
Significant labels given throughout society cause some to internalize deviant titles Deviants use techniques of neutralizing or rationalization to justify their behavior |
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Benefits of deviance |
Clarifies norms Creates unity Promotes needed change |
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Strain theory |
Deviance is a result of a disunity between goals and the means to achieve them |
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Conformist |
Accept goals and means |
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Innovators |
Accept goals, reject means |
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Ritualists |
Reject goals, accept means |
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Retreatists |
Reject goals and means |
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Rebels |
Reject and replace goals and means |
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Conflict theory |
Powerful groups such as capitalists (power elite) impose their sense of deviance on the less powerful |
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Medical model |
Suggests deviance is a result of sickness |
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Urban society |
A society in which the majority of citizens do not live in rural areas |
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Urban place |
As stipulated by the US census, a community having at least 2500 persons the majority of whom do not farm |
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City |
A community having at least 50,000 residents |
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Suburb |
An urban settlement in the immediate area surrounding a city |
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Metropolis |
A major city and its surrounding suburbs |
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Standard metropolitan statistical area |
A central city with: At least 50,000 residents At least 75% of labor force is outside agriculture Either 15% of workers commute to the city, or 25% commute from the city |
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Fixed rail metropolis |
A city with a form and size which are determined by routes of rail systems |
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Freeway metropolis |
A city that developed after the widespread use of cats and tricks, highways and major street are predominate transport arteries |
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Index of dissimilarity |
Measures the degree to which an ethnic or racial group lives in integrated or segregated settings |
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Gemeinshaft |
German word meaning community that describes the intimacy of life in small villages |
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Geshellshaft |
German word meaning society used to describe the impersonal nature of life in major cities |
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Edge cities |
Set of specialized suburbs which exist as business, entertainment, and retail centers ( has more jobs than residents and always anchored by a mall and major highways) |
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Marriage |
Formal commitment between a couple to maintain a long term relationship |
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Homogamy |
When people if similar social category marry |
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Marriage squeeze |
The greater proportion of black women to black men which renders black women less likely to may outside their socioeconomic status than other racial groups |
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Polygyny |
Marital form where men have more than one wife |
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Polyandry |
Mayoral form where women have more than one husband |
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Family |
Small, kinship-based group where raising young ate customary |
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Family of orientation |
The family one grows up in |
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Family of procreation |
New family that arises when a couple's first born child is born |
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Propinquity |
Spatial nearness that tends to be descriptiveof a couple's initial social bonds |
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Sandwich generation |
Refers to individuals who are responsible for their parents as well as their children's welfare simultaneously |
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Second shift |
Involves the completion of domestic duties by working wives after they complete paid labor for a day |
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Serial fatherhood |
A parenting pattern which divorced father's tend to regard fatherhood as short term commitment |
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Functional theory on family |
The family forms socialization, regulation of sexual activities, social placement, material and emotional security |
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Conflict theory on family |
Family perpetuates social inequality |
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Religion |
Religion is defined by beliefs, practices, and moral community |
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Functional perspective on religion |
It provides answers and meanings Creates solidarity and social integration Guides daily living and aids problem solving |
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Conflict theory of religion |
An addictive escape that staves off misery from life's problems Social inequality ignored as people pursue salvation as primary goal Used to justify and perpetuate social inequality |
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Symbolic interaction theory on religion |
Each religion uses symbols Symbols provide meaning and solidarity to followers and they are powerful ways to communicate |
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Education |
Social institution that guides a societies transmission of knowledge (includes job skills, cultural norms, and values) |
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Functional perspective on education |
Education provides socialization, social integration, and social placement |
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Conflict perspective on eduaction |
Education redistributed inequality by reproducing the social class structure |
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Hidden curriculum |
Unwritten rules of behavior, attitudes, and conformity which are taught along with the subject matter |
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Tracking |
Grouping of students by ability |
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Demography |
study of statistics such as births, deaths, income, or the incidence of disease, which illustrate the changing structure of human populations. |
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Rust belt |
heavily industrial area of the northeastern U.S. containing the older industries and factories |
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Sunbelt |
southern and southwestern region of the U.S. |
