Soc Exam 3

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race

Back 1

a group of people who share a set of characteristics - typically, but not always, physical ones - and are said to share a common bloodline

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racism

Back 2

the belie hat members of separate races possess different and unequal traits

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scientific racism

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nineteenth century theories of race that characterize a period of feverish investigations into the origins, explanations, and classification of race

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ethnocentrism

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the belief that one's own culture or group is superior to others and the tendency to view all other cultures from the perspective of one's own.

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ontological equality

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the notion that everyone is created equal in the eyes of God

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social Darwinism

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the application of Darwinian ideas to society, namely, the evolutionary "survival of the fittest"

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Eugenics

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literally meaning "well-born", the theory of controlling the fertility of populations to influence inheritable traits passed on from generation to generation

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nativism

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movement to protect and preserve indigenous land or culture from the so-called dangerous and polluting effects of new immigrants

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one-drop rule

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the belief that "one drop" of black blood makes a person black, a concept that evolved from U.S. laws forbidding miscegenation

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racialization

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the formation of new racial identity, in which new ideological boundaries of difference are drawn around a formerly unnoticed group of people

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ethnicity

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one's ethnic quality or affiliation. It is voluntary, self-defined, nonhierarchal, fluid, and multiple, and based on cultural differences, not physical ones per se.

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symbolic ethnicity

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a nationality, not in the sense of carrying the rights and duties of a citizenship but identifying with a past or future nationality. For later generations of white ethnics, something not constraining but easily expressed, with no risks of stigma and all the pleasures of feeling like an individual.

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straight-line assimilation

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Robert Parks's 1920 universal and linear model for how immigrants assimilate: first they arrive, then settle in, and achieve full assimilation in a newly homogenous country

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primordialism

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Clifford Geertz's term to explain the persistence of ethnic ties because they are fixed in deeply felt or primordial ties to one's homeland culture

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pluralism

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the presence and engaged coexistence of numerous distinct groups in one society

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segregation

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the legal or social practice of separating people one the basis of their race or ethnicity

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genocide

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the mass killing of a group of people

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subaltern

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describes a subordinate, oppressed group of people

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collective resistance

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an organized effort to change a power hierarchy on the part of a less-powerful group in a society

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prejudiced

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thoughts and feelings about an ethnic or racial group

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discrimination

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harmful or negative acts (not mere thoughts) against people deemed inferior on the basis of their racial category without regard to their individual merit

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Merton's Chart of Prejudice

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active bigot: prejudiced & discriminates
timid bigot: prejudiced
fair-weather liberal: discriminates
all-weather liberal

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culture of poverty

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the argument that poor people adopt certain practices that differ from those of middle-class, "mainstream" society in order to adapt and survive in difficult economic circumstances.

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underclass

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the notion, building on the culture of poverty argument, that the poor not only are different from mainstream society in their inability to take advantage of what mainstream society has to offer but also are increasingly deviant and even dangerous to the rest of us.

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perverse incentives

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reward structures that lead to suboptimal outcomes by stimulation counterproductive behavior; for example, welfare - to the extent that it discourages work effort .

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absolute poverty

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the point at which a household's income falls below the necessary level to purchase food to physical sustain its members.

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relative poverty

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a measurement of poverty based on a percentage of the median income in an given location

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parenting stress hypothesis

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a paradigm in which the psychological aspects of poverty excaberate household stress levels; this stress, in turn, leads to detrimental parenting practices such as yelling, shouting, and hitting, which are not conducive to healthy child development.

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paradigm shift

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the framework within which scientist operate

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normal science

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science conducted within an existing paradigm, as defined by Thomas Kuhn

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paradigm shift (scientific revolution)

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when enough anomalies accrue to challenge the existing paradigm showing that it is incomplete or inadequate to explain all observed phenomena.

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normative view of science

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the notion that science is unaffected by the personal beliefs or values of scientists but rather follows objective rules of evidence.

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boundary work

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work done to maintain the border between legitimate and non-legitimate science within a specific scientific discipline between legitimate disciplines.

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Matthew effect

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a term used by sociologist to describes the notion that certain scientific results get more notoriety and influence based on the existing prestige of the researchers involved

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Global warming

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rising atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases as well as higher global average temperatures

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risk society

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a society that both produces and is concerned with mitigating, risks, especially manufactured risks (one that result from human activity).

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digital divide

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differential access to telecommunications and information based technologies based on socioeconomic status.

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collective action

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action takes place in groups and diverges from the social norms of the situation

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convergence theory

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theory of collective action stating that collective action happens when people with similar ideas and tendencies gather in the same place

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contagion theory

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theory of collective action claiming that collective action arises because of people's tendency to conform to the behavior of others with whom tey are in close contact

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emergent norm theory

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theory of collective action emphasizing the influence of keynoters in promoting particular norms.

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social movement

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collective behavior that is purposeful, organized, and institutionalized but not ritualized

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alternative social movements

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social movements that seek the most limited societal change and often target a narrow group of peple

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redemptive social movements

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social movements that target specific groups but advocate for more radical social change

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reformative social movements

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social movements that advocate for limited social change across an entire society

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revolutionary social movements

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social movements that advocate the radical reorganization of society.

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Classical model

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Structural strain causes disruptive psychological state which then leads to social movements

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resource mobilization theory

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Grievances and resource mobilization must be simultaneously present in order for a social movement to emerge

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Political process model

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Broad socioeconomic process + expanding political opportunities with indigenous organizational strength + cognitive liberation leads to social movements
indigenous organizational strength

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emergence

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the first stage of a social movement, occurring when the social problem being addressed is first identified

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coalescences

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the second stage of a social movement, in which resources are mobilized (that is, concrete action is taken around the problems outlined in the first stage.

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routinization (institutionalization)

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the final stage of a social movement, in which it is institutionalized and a formal structure develops to promote the cause.

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social movement organization (SMO)

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a group developed to recruit new members and coordinate participation in a particular social movement; they also raise money, clarify goals, and structure participation in the movement

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Grassroots organization

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a type of social movement organization that relies on high levels of community-based participation to promote social change. It lacks a hierarchical structure and works through existing political structures.

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premoderinity

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social relations characterized by concentric circles of social affiliation, a low degree of division of labor, relatively undeveloped technology, and traditional social norms

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modernity

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social relations characterized by rationality, bureaucratization, and objectivity - as well as individuality created by nonconcentric, but overlapping, group affiliations.

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postmodernity

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social relations characterized by a questioning of the notion of prgoress and history, the replacement of narrative with pastiche, and multiple, perhaps even conflicting, identities resulting from disjointed affiliation