Soc Exam 2

Front 1

a group with inherited physical characteristics that distinguish it from another group.

Back 1

Race

Front 2

people who identify with one another on the basis of common ancestry and cultural heritage.

Back 2

Ethnicity

Front 3

-how people construct their ethnicity.

Back 3

Ethnic Work

Front 4

many groups quietly blending into a set of ethnic stew.

Back 4

The Melting Pot

Front 5

people who are singled out for unequal treatment and who regard themselves as objects of collective discrimination.
It has nothing to do with numbers.

Back 5

Minority Groups

Front 6

people who have the greatest power, most privileges, and the highest social status.

Back 6

Dominant Groups

Front 7

1. an action: Unfair treatment directed against someone.
2. negative treatment of one person by another
3. discrimination woven into society

Back 7

1. Discrimination
2. Individual
3. Institutional

Front 8

1. an attitude: A negative prejudging.
2. when the basis of prejudice and/or discrimination is race

Back 8

1. Prejudice
2. Racism

Front 9

highly prejudiced people are insecure, conformist, submissive to superiors, and have deep respect for authority

Back 9

The Authoritarian Personality

Front 10

prejudice is functional for society and creates in-group solidarity.

Back 10

Functionalism

Front 11

divisions among workers deflect anger and hostility away from the capitalists and toward minority groups

Back 11

Conflict Theory

Front 12

labels we learn color the way we see people.

Back 12

Symbolic Interactionism

Front 13

the systematic annihilation of a race or ethnic group.
-Labeling the targeted group as less than fully human facilitates genocide.

Back 13

Genocide

Front 14

Causing a minority group to relocate.

Back 14

Population Transfer

Front 15

how a country’s dominant group exploits minority groups.

Back 15

Internal Colonialism

Front 16

the formal separation of racial or ethnic groups.

Back 16

Segregation

Front 17

-the process by which a minority group is absorbed into the mainstream culture.

Back 17

Assimilation

Front 18

permits and encourages racial and ethnic variation.

Back 18

Multiculturalism

Front 19

Declared that only white immigrants could apply for citizenship.

Back 19

Naturalization Act of 1790

Front 20

White, Anglo-Saxon, Protestants.

Back 20

WASPs

Front 21

Immigrants from Europe.
The cultural and political dominance of the WASPs placed pressure on immigrants to blend into mainstream culture.

Back 21

White Ethnics

Front 22

a system in which groups of people are divided into layers according to their relative power, property, and prestige.

Back 22

Social Stratification
-Affects life chances.

Every society stratifies its members.

It is a way of ranking large groups of people into a hierarchy according to their relative privileges.

Front 23

ownership of some people by others.

It was not based on racism, but on debt, crime, and war in earlier times.

Back 23

Slavery

Front 24

status is determined by birth and is life long.

Back 24

Caste System
Boundaries between castes remain strong.

They practice endogamy -marriage only within their own group.
Stratification systems based on slavery and caste have rigid boundaries.

Front 25

an open system based on money or material possessions.

Back 25

Class system
One’s status changes according to what one achieves.

There are fluid boundaries.

Social mobility is possible.

Front 26

Karl Marx concluded that social class depends on a single factor

Back 26

Relationship to means of production

Front 27

Max Weber argued that property is only part of the picture. Social Class is made up of three components:

Back 27

Property, Prestige, Power

Front 28

The Functionalist
View:

Back 28

Society’s positions must be filled.

Some positions are more important than others.

The more important positions are filled by qualified people.

Front 29

The Conflict
View:

Back 29

No society can exist unless it is organized.

Leadership means inequalities of power.

Human nature is self-centered.

Front 30

the % of the population whose income is below a specified cut off (examples: those with incomes in the bottom 30% or with incomes below half of the median for the society)

Back 30

Relative Poverty

Front 31

those with incomes that do not provide the necessities for survival in that particular society

Back 31

Absolute Poverty
-allows for comparing poverty across time and across societies.

Front 32

Colonialism Theory

Back 32

The process by which one nation takes over another nation.

Done for the purpose of exploitation of natural and/or human resources.

Front 33

World System Theory-

Back 33

The adoption of capitalism around the world has created extensive ties among all nations.

Front 34

Dependency Theory-

Back 34

Stresses how the Least Industrialized Nations grew dependent on the Most Industrialized nations.

Front 35

Culture of Poverty Theory-

Back 35

Some nations are crippled by a way of life that perpetuates poverty.

Front 36

the economic and political dominance of the Least Industrialized Nations by the Most Industrialized Nations.

Back 36

Neocolonialism

Front 37

help to maintain global dominance simply by doing business.

Back 37

Multinational Corporations

Front 38

a large group of people who rank closely to one another in wealth, power, and prestige.

Back 38

Social Class

Front 39

consists of property and income.

Back 39

Wealth
-Wealth and income are not the same.

Some have wealth but little income.

Front 40

the ability to carry out your will despite resistance.

Back 40

Power

Front 41

-those who make the big decisions in U.S. society.

Back 41

Power Elite

Front 42

respect or regard.

Back 42

Prestige
- Ranking is consistent across countries and over time.

People display prestige through status symbols.

Front 43

our social ranking

Back 43

Status

Front 44

a person has similar rank in all three dimensions of social class: wealth, power, and prestige

Back 44

Status consistency

Front 45

The top rung of the social class ladder.

Only 1% of Americans are in this class.

This small elite shapes the consciousness of the nation.

Back 45

Capitalist Class

Front 46

The class most shaped by education.

About 15% of the population is in this class.

Members manage corporations owned by capitalists or manage their own small businesses.

Back 46

Upper Middle Class

Front 47

Members have technical and lower-level management positions.

Typically work at jobs that bring with them some prestige and promise of moving up.

Back 47

Lower Middle Class

Front 48

Relatively unskilled blue-collar and white-collar workers.


Their jobs are less secure, more routine, and more closely watched-less autonomy.

Back 48

Working Class

Front 49

Members work at unskilled, low paying, often temporary jobs.

Many are functionally illiterate.

Many of them work full time but remain poor.

Back 49

Working Poor

Front 50

This is the lowest rung on the ladder and those in this class have little or not chance of climbing out of it.

The have little or no connection with the job market:
Government aid is
their main support.

Back 50

Underclass

Front 51

moving up or down the social class ladder.

Back 51

Social mobility

Front 52

the official measure of poverty

Back 52

Poverty Line

Front 53

the values and behaviors of the poor make them different from other people.

Back 53

Culture of Poverty Theory

Front 54

Two competing Theories why people are poor

Back 54

1. Features of society deny some people access to education and job skill training.

2. Characteristics of individuals such as dropping out of school or early child rearing contribute to poverty.

Front 55

when all people, at all times, have access to sufficient, safe, and nutritious food to meet their dietary needs and preferences for an active and healthy life.

Back 55

Food Security

Front 56

Mechanistic orientation

Technology allows a small share of the population to produce food for all (1.5%)

Complex formal relations of production

Government programs

Global markets-the farm as a link in a complicated chain

Back 56

Western System Global Food production

Front 57

Holistic/Organic orientation

70% of the population engaged in farming

Seed saving and sharing

Subsistence versus commercial production

Farming interdependency and cultural importance of farming

Back 57

Traditional Ag Systems (India)

Front 58

extreme scarcity of food resulting in widespread hunger.

Back 58

Famine

Front 59

Primary factors contributing to famine

Back 59

1- Poverty/Global Debt

2- War/Conflict/Government Policies

3 – Weather-related Causes

4- Breakdown in Traditional Agriculture – Practices commercialization and dependence on oil.
5- Disease, particularly AIDS