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130 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Social products like religion & language are a product of what type of culture?
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Non-Material Culture
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Physical products like things are a product of what type of culture?
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Material Culture
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Culture is defined as _________.
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the total way of life of a group of people.
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__________ are important & serious norms that must be obeyed.
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Moré
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Values & Beliefs __________ Norms.
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shape
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___________ will always reflect the Values & Beliefs.
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Norms
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Honesty is to Value as __________ is to Norm.
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not to steal
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Symbols are defined as___________.
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Anything that carries a particular meaning within a culture.
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_________ is our most important symbol.
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Language
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Facial expressions are _____________ symbols.
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universal
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The junction between Ideal Culture & Real Culture causes ______________.
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many social problems
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Cooking & food preparation, funerals & mourning are all ______________.
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Cultural Universals
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Society is defined as _________________.
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a group of people who occupy a common territory or region & who participate in a common culture.
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Social Structure is _________.
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the way society is organized. (the bones, nerves & muscles)
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Social Institutions are defined as______________.
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An established & enduring pattern of social relationships.
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Social Institutions are important ______________ of society.
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building blocks
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Give some examples of Social Institutions.
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family, religion, economy, military education, science, medicine, political/legal, sports, mass media
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What are the four levels that make up society.
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1. Social Institutions 2. Social Groups 3. Statuses 4. Roles
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Social Groups are defined as _________.
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2 or more who have a common identity, interact, & form a social relationship.
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What are the two types of Social Groups?
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1. Primary Group 2. Secondary Group
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Primary Group is defined as _____________________.
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small, informal, intimate group, where they care for each other & know each other.
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Give some examples of Primary Groups.
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family, friends, roommates, street gang
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Secondary Group is defined as _____________.
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formal goal oriented group that has to be together, like a business group.
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How we interact day to day is based on _____________.
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Status
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Status is defined as __________.
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a position of a person.
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What are the three types of Status?
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1. Ascribed Status 2. Achieved Status 3. Master Status
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Ascribed Status is defined as ____________.
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Status one did not choose, learn, or can change.
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Give an example of Ascribed Status.
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male or female, race, sister, royalty
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Achieved Status is defined as ___________.
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Status we choose or earn.
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Give an example of Achieved Status.
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CEO, college grad, occupation, single, married, father
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Master Status is defined as __________.
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Social Status that Dominates/ takes over the others - How OTHERS see us.
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Roles are defined as ____________.
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a set of rights, obligations & expectations associated with a status.
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You Occupy a status, but you ________ a Role.
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Play
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Status is to college student as Role is to __________.
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study, take test, party
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An example of the four levels of society is - _______________.
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Education - IUS - college student - studying
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Subculture is defined as _____________.
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Cultural patters that set apart some segment of a society's population, (A culture within a culture. Something that sets it apart from dominant culture.)
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Give an example of a Subculture.
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2 groups based on income that have very different lifestyles than dominant Culture are the VERY rich & the Very poor, teenagers & elderly, military, prisons
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Counterculture is defined as _______________.
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Cultural patters that strongly oppose those widely accepted within a society. (Subculture that is at odds with Dominant Culture.)
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Give some examples of Counterculture.
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hippies, KKK, terrorist
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Counterculture want to ________ & __________ Dominant Culture in a radical way.
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change & replace
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What are the two ways to respond to Variation & Diversity?
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1. Culture Shock or Ethrochentrism 2. Cultural Relativism
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What is Culture Shock?
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disoriented, uneasy, uncomfortable
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Ethnocentrism is defined as _________.
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the tendency to judge other cultures by the norms & values of one's own culture. (the view that one's own culture is superior to all others.)
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Give an example of Ethnocentrism.
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condemning Koreans for eating cats & dogs
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Cultural Relativism is defined as ___________.
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the practice of evaluating a culture by its own norms & values. (the opposite of Ethnocentrism)
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What are the 5 Components of a Social Problem?
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1. Objective & Subjective Elements 2. Endurance over time 3. Incompatible w/ Norms & Values 4. Who is affected or offended by the condition 5. Social Causes & Social Solutions
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Objective Element is defined as ___________.
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An observable or measurable condition.
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Subjective Element is defined as ___________.
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The Social perception of a condition. (society's reaction)
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Both _____________ & _______________ must be there to = a Social Problem.
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Objective & Subjective Elements
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Give an example of Objective Element.
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spousal abuse, drunk driving, homelessness
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Give an example of Subjective Element.
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Laws making spousal abuse illegal, MAD, legislation to help the homeless.
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Why are Social Problems so difficult to eradicate?
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Social Problems are interrelated - Poverty & Education - the #1 cause of poverty is the lack of education
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What are the two primary issues that cause - Incompatibility with Norms & Values?
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1. Diverse Values 2. Disagreements on what is problematic
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What are the 2 school of thought concerning who is affected or offended by a/the condition?
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1. Significant Numbers 2. Significant People & Powerful Groups
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How is "Significant Numbers" defined?
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The more people that are affected the more it will be seen as a Social Problem.
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Give an example of Significant Numbers.
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Unemployment rate at 12% is a Social Problem. Unemployment at 2% is an individual's problem.
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Give an example of "Significant People & Powerful Groups."
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AIDS started as a homosexuals disease. It became a Social Problem when it moved to powerful people like celebrities & the Ryan Whites of America.
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Social Causes are defined as _____________.
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caused or compounded by the Social Order, NOT by nature.
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Social Solutions are defined as ____________.
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Social or Ethical Solutions through human action & promote humanity.
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What are the 4 Stages of a Social Problem?
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1. Societal Recognition 2. Social Legitimation 3. Mobilization or action 4. Implementation of an official plan
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Societal Recognition is defined as __________.
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Some group recognizes a problem & begins to say something needs to be done.
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Social Legitimation is defined as _____.
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They try and spread the word about the cause & issue. Today the Media is a powerful tool.
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Mobilization for action is defined as ________.
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People start to debate what can be done. People start to become a little more rational.
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Implementation of an official plan is defined as ___________.
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Being in the hands of the police, school system. Someone is getting their hands dirty doing something about the condition.
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Theory is defined as __________.
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A set of interrelated propositions or principles designed to answer a question or explain a particular phenomenon. (Organizing fragmented work for research)
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Theory & Research are 2 sides of __________.
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One coin
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Theory allows us to ___________.
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Explain & predict
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Theories are ___________________ by research.
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confirmed, modified, rejected
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Theoretical Perspective is defined as ____________.
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A BROAD based/ all purpose theory or model of reality.
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What are the 3 Theoretical Perspectives?
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1. Structural-Functionalist 2. Conflict Perspective 3. Symbolic Interactionist
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___________ & ____________'s contribution help shape Functionalist Perspective.
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Durheim & Spencer
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Functionalist Perspective is a macro or micro theory?
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Macro Theory
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Functionalist Perspective is defined as __________.
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a society is like a system or network of independent components.
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According to the Functionalist Perspective, Society operates in a state of _______________.
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Equalibriam. The System is stable & balanced.
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Give an example of Functionalist Perspective.
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Family depends on Edu to Edu their kids. Edu depends on families to supply the kids.
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According to the Functionalist Perspective, everything has a _______________.
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specific function.
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According to the Functionalist Perspective, what are the 3 types of Functions?
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1. Manifest Functions 2. Latent Functions 3. Dysfunctions
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Manifest Functions are defined as ____________.
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Intended or obvious functions
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Give an example of Manifest Functions.
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pub school to edu kids, welfare to fund poor, car for transportation
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Latent Functions are defined as __________.
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unintended functions (less obvious)
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Give examples of Latent Functions.
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Edu -> jobs, identifying child abuse- Welfare -> jobs, reduce crime
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Dysfunctions are defined as __________.
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Negative consequences or harmful
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Give examples of Dysfunctions.
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Edu -> lowers the standard to fit all children- Welfare-> abuse of the system- Cars-> pollution
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According to the Functionalist Perspective, what is the cause of Social Problems?
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Social Change
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According to the Functionalist Perspective, how can Social Change cause Social Problems?
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Can throw off the equilibrium. It is seen as harmful. Disorganization that is the result of rapid social change. (Aromie: a state of normlessness = Social Disorder)
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Give an example of how Social change can cause Social Problems.
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Rapid Tech changes -> displaced workers. Econ & Tech changed faster than Edu = creating an imbalance.
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___________ contributions help shape the Conflict Perspective.
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Karl Marx
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Conflict Perspective is defined as _________________.
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Society is characterized by conflict, competition & inequality.
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According to the Conflict Perspective, Society is comprised of different groups competing for ____ & _________.
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power & resources
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Give an example of the Conflict Perspective.
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Rich vs. Poor - the rich want more tax breaks & the poor want more welfare - this equals Conflict.
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According to the Conflict Perspective, conflict can produce ___________.
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Change
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According to the Conflict Perspective, change can be a ___________.
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good thing
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What are the 2 schools of thought in the Conflict Perspective?
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1. Marxist Conflict Theory 2. Non-Marxist Conflict Theory
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Marxist Conflict Theory is defined as _____________.
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Conflict over Social Rewards (economic- money, land, power)
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Non-Marxist Conflict Theory is defined as _________.
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Conflict over Values (abortion, same sex marriage) Can also include economic conflict)
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According to the Conflict Perspective, most societies are divided up like a __________.
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pie
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According to the Conflict Perspective, the Pie Theory allows you to identify what group has the power by determining who has the _________ piece of the pie.
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Biggest
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According to the Conflict Perspective, what ever group has the largest piece of the pie has the power & the society will reflect their ___________.
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Values
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According to the Conflict Perspective, what is the Cause of Social Problems?
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Unequal access to social rewards. Clash of Values & Interests.
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___________ & ____________'s contribution help shape Symbolic Interactionist.
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Horton & Mead
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Symbolic Interactionist is defined as _____________.
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Humans interact through the use of symbols.
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Is Symbolic Interaction a Macro or Micro perspective?
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Micro Perspective
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Micro Perspective is defined as __________.
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face to face/ small group level
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According to Symbolic Interactionist, Society is possible because of shared __________.
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symbols
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Doctor - patient, student - teacher, are what type of interactions.
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Micro Interactions
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The Theory Verstehen was introduced by ____________.
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Max Weber
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Verstehen is defined as ___________.
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the ability to see reality from another's perspective. ( to understand in an empathetic way) Not in a factual way but in your gut. This is an important tool in Sociology,
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The Thomas Theorem was introduced by ____________.
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W.I. Thomas
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The Thomas Theorem is the theory that ____.
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Reality is a social product. What people believe is real becomes real in its consequences. If people believe something it can become reality.
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According to The Thomas Theorem, what are the causes of Social Problems?
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When a group defines a situation as problematic.
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Variable is defined as ___________.
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Any measurable event characteristic or property that varies or is subject to change.
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Hypothesis is defined as ___________.
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A tentative statement based on a general theory that attempts to predict the relationship between variables.
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What are the 2 types of Variables?
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1. Dependent Variable 2. Independent Variable
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Dependent Variable is defined as ______________.
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The variable the researcher wants to explain.
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Independent Variable is defined as _____________.
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The variable expected to explain the changes in the Dependent Variable.
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Dicern the Dep & Ind Variables in the following Hypothesis: As length of marriage increases the risk of divorce decreases.
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Dep: Risk of Divorce Ind: Length of marriage
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Discern the Dep & Ind Variables in the following Hypothesis: Males are more likely to abuse alcohol than females.
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Dep: Rate of Alcohol Abuse Ind: Sex
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Discern the Dep & Ind Variables in the following Hypothesis: People living in poverty have a shorter life expectancy compared to people in higher income levels.
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Dep: Life Expectance Ind: Social Status
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Discern the Dep & Ind Variables in the following Hypothesis: Jews have a lower divorce rate than other religions.
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Dep: Divorce Rate Ind: Religion
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Most research looks at the cause & effect relationship between ___.
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variables
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Correlations are defined as _________.
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A consistent statistical association between variables.
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What are the 4 types of Correlations?
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1. Positive 2. Inverse/Neg 3. Curvilinear 4. Spurious
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Positive/Direct Correlation is defined as ________.
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when both variables change in the same direction. The increase in one variable associated increase with another variable.
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Give an example of Positive Correlation.
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Family income > = college attendance >
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Negative/Inverse Correlation is defined as _________.
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When both variables change in opposite directions. The increase of one and the decrease of the other.
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Give an example of Inverse Correlation.
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Family income > = infant mortality rate <
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Curvilinear Correlation is defined as ________.
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Variables changing in both the same & opposite directions.
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Give an example of Curvilinear Correlation.
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Age & leisure, alcohol & social ability
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Spurious correlation is defined as ___________.
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quencidental correlation. No cause & effect between variables.
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What are the 4 Methods of Data Collection?
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1. Surveys 2. Experiments 3. Field Research 4. Secondary Data Research
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