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30 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Deviance |
Soc def: deviance is a deviation from the norm.
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Changes that effect def. of deviance |
~Changes over time ~place or social setting
*some ppl also think it has to evoke disapproval anger or indignation. |
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Positivist approach |
Dominant until 1960s
3 approaches.
Absolutism (deviance is real) Possess some qualities that distinguish it from normative behavior. Deviant persons have characteristics that make them different from other people. Criminal has biological traits/defective genes.
Objectivism (deviance as object) You can measure it and compare characteristics. You can Study just as much as any other observable Objective event. Low socio-economic status are in jail.
Determinism (deviance as determined behaviour) deviance is determined by forces beyond individuals control ex. Chemical imbalances because certain behaviour.
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Statistical rarity |
Defining deviant seen his departure from the norm. it is rare or infrequent behaviour. Downside: minority is conforming. (Sheep sex) |
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Harmfylness |
Deviance is harmful behaviour made after the fact: penalties |
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Social constructionist approach |
Relativism (deviance as label)
Deviance is relative and ask them selves arebnot deviant they are only deviant after they're labelled deviant |
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What is science? |
Finding things out, a way of knowing things.
Pillars: logic (theory) and observation (research)
Two branches: natural and social |
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Assumptions of science |
1. Underlying order or pattern in universe 2. All events have causes |
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Characteristics of science |
Relies on empirical evidence which is the only kind of evidence. Empirical evidence is verified through the senses and is observable. Have to be able to gather evidence to be a scientific question. |
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Theory, hypothesis, variable |
Theory: an explanation. Hypothesis: a prediction. Variable: entity who is value changes as you move from case to case.
IV: causal variable: smoking DV: effect variable: cancer |
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Relations between variables |
Correlation: statistical relationship between variables.
Positive, negative (inverse), Spurious: coincidental relationship between variables. |
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Measurement: validity & reliability. |
ACCURATE: measuring what you intend to measure. RELIABLE: consistency in measurement |
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Ethics |
Notions about good/bad right/wrong |
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Ethical issues in research guidelines |
1) cannot physically or mentally harm subjects 2) inform subjects about nature of research and get permission 3) keep info confidential |
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Laud Humphrey Tuskegee syphalis Stanley milgram Willowbrook |
- sex in bathrooms. Tearooms. Harm and informed consent.
- African men w/ syphalus told they were on meds but weren't. Us gov. 40 year study.
- obedience with volts. Harm and informed consent.
-retarded kids in 63-66 infected with hepititus. Fed Poop or injected. Parents enrolled children for admission to hospital. |
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Basic research methods (4) |
Experiments: for when you want to know if Iv makes changes in DV
Surveys: when you want to find out information about a large group of people. Draw sample from pop. From samples come stats.
No list? Non representative sampling: snowball. Find 1 and theybtell you about another.
Observational studies: in depth understanding. Qualitative data. Participant and non participant.
Secondary analysis: analyzing data that's been collected by others and reanalyzing that data.
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Demonic (prescientific) approaches to deviance |
Karma: eastern rel. Buddhism Hinduism. Tied to reincarnation.
Ones current condition is stored up negative/positive.your persons have inherited negative traits of past lives, but you can struggle against them and live a righteous life. Fate of next soul is determined by new karma so looks over current condition and looks towards oneness.
Predestination: calvinism. You were born good or evil God is all powerful all knowing and good. This inspired !capitalism!, success was a sign that you're going to heaven.
Dualism: existence of malevolent power wrestling with God the devil will lose in most theories.
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Demonic Causes of deviance |
Temptation model: seduced by evil. Adam and Eve.
Possession Model: once possessed, devil in control, evil behaviour. If untreated it will destroy. Individual still held responsible for being taken over.
Cosmic consequences: what is produced by deviant acts. Harms more than just the victim. Harms against God nature Cosmo's and everything!
(Cosmic disruption = darkness! Orcs! Nature is unbalanced. Guilty must pay price to restore balance.) |
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Identification of demonic deviance |
Trial by ordeal: accused person who overcomes is innocent.
Sometimes it's like your hands have to not burn in oil, or it's just people observing your reaction. Sometimes vindicated after death. Soul is more important than body. |
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Control of demonic deviance |
Public punishment: restores humans to proper state of divine. -Divine punishment- gives a true view of devil world which is burning!!
Index of prohibited books: catholic churches list of prohibited books
Mutilation of sinners: subordination of body to supernatural forces.
Les talionis: idea of I for an I. Justified mutilation of sinners like a rapist having his penis cut off. Traitor:heart, liar: tongue.
Apotropaic rituals: this deals with the fear of speared getting out of the body and going into you so you use these methods. Ex. breaking on the wheel: smash major bones to stop spirit from moving around and then suspend them between heaven and earth.
More shame than pain: Fish seller forced to wear dead fish. adulterous head shaved. penitent sinner might self-inflict, like whipping. |
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Heterosexist patriarchy and religious control. |
Persecution of witches in 14th-18th century. To get rid of paganism in Europe, the dominant religion. 3-8 million witches prosecuted.
Catholic Church needed enemy. Also economic incentive. Wood burning!
Malleus maleficarum: Dominican priests Krauor and Springler made the manual for the indemnification and interrogation of witches. |
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Classical perspective |
1764 essay on crime and punishment, 18th cen. Beginning of criminology.
Demographic shift ppl are now strangers!
Scholasticism (intellectual developments) and the enlightenment (calculated choice) equating goodness with REASON, sin is IRRATIONAL.
main ideas: 1. the major motivation for human behaviour is RATIONAL HEDONISM=seek to maximize pleasure and minimize pain in all actions.
2. Rational approach to punishment: punishment must me slightly more painful than the pleasure derived from act.
3. Social contract: state draws power from people and people give up certain freedoms and liberties to ensure the rights of others.
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Beccaria |
Bad laws |
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BECCARIA (did not support death penalty) |
Bad 18th century laws is the problem! Also, barbaric and uncertain laws. Public officials have all power, secret accusation can send u to jail, torture, and everyone in same jail. Women kids men.
BECCARIA said legislatures should make laws and punishment, and no one guilty before found guilty. And right to due process and to see accuser and evidence.
Social control - punishment is sto deter. Solace determined by danger to community. |
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Jeremy Bentham |
Developed a scale of punishment.
GH & utilitarianism: moral theory that an action is morally right as long as it produced the most happiness for the greatest #.
Felicific calculus: cost benifit analysis for illegal things.
Demonstratible harm: if no dem. Harm then no victims and no illegal act. |
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French penal code of 1791 |
Classical thinking, most of baccaria ideas.
Uniform punishment Crime scales based on seriousness Legislatively determined all ppl same punishment rich or not Judge just says guilty or not
CRITICIZED FOR NO DIFFERENCE BETWEEN CRIME OF PASSION OR PLANNED CRIME
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Neoclassical modification of the French penal code of 1791 |
1810-1890 certain discretionary power to judges for premeditated.
Mitigating circumstances: physical environmental or social factors need to be assessed because they may impact free will
Insanity defense. |
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Penitentiary |
Primary objective: deterrence Now In 18th century deviants were rational and in jail they will change. |
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-specific deterrence (whether individual is likely to reoffend) |
WILSON SAYS "Swift and certain laws maximize deterrence"
GIBBS - "as severity of punishment increases so does the likelihood of them committing again"
GOLD AND WILLIAMS- "apprehended youth are at higher risk of reoffending"
LISK - "punishment increases future law violations because of the socialization and stigmatizing affects of punishment"
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General deterence |
GIBBS - "as certainty of punishment, homicide decreases"
TITTLE- when certainty increase negatively related to offence rates decrease. Except with severity.
BRYJACK- to stop crime you need optimal amounts of severity and certainty. |
