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82 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Deviance |
The recognized violation of cultural norms. |
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Crime |
The violation of a societies formally enacted criminal law. |
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Social Control |
Attempts by society to regulate peoples thoughts and behaviors. |
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Criminal Justice System |
Organizations that respond to alleged violations of the law. |
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Medicalization of deviance |
Transformation of moral and legal deviance into a medical condition. Good=Well Bad=Sick |
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Labeling Theory |
The idea that deviance and conformity result not so much from what people do as from how others respond to the actions. |
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Stigma |
Powerfully negative label that greatly changes a persons self-concept and social identity. |
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Two kinds of the Labeling Theory... |
1) Stigma 2) Medicalization of deviance |
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Deviance to how much others encourage or discourages such behavior. |
Sutherland's differential association theory links.... |
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People only became criminals when their "bond" to society was weakened. |
Hirshi's control theory states that ... |
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Crimes against the person include... |
Violent crimes ( murder, aggravated assault and forcible rape ). |
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Crimes against property include... |
Burglary, larceny, theft and arson. |
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White Collar Crime |
Crime committed by people of high social position in the course of their occupations. |
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Corporate Crime |
The illegal actions of a corporation or people acting on its behalf. |
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Organized crime |
A business supplying illegal goods or services |
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Hate Crime |
Is a criminal act against a person or a person's property by an offender motivated by racial or other bias. |
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Crimes against the person |
(Violent crimes) are crimes that direct violence or the threat of violence against others. |
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Crimes against property |
(Property crimes) Crimes that involve theft of money or property belonging to others. |
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Victimless Crimes |
Violations of law in which there are no obvious victims. ( Illegal drug use, prostitution and gambling ). |
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Is a simple but very important idea: The criminal justice system must operate according to law. |
Due process |
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Plea Bargaining |
A legal negotiation in which a prosecutor reduces a charge in exchange for a defendant's guilty plea. |
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Retribution, deterrence, rehabilitation and societal protection. |
Society gains what 4 things through punishment RDRS |
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Retribution |
An act of moral vengeance by which society makes the offender suffer as much as the suffering caused by the crime. |
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Deterrence |
The attempt to discourage criminality through the use of punishment. |
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Rehabilitation |
A program for reforming the offender to prevent later offenses. |
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Societal protection |
Rendering an offender incapable of further offenses temporarily through imprisionment or permanently by execution. |
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Punishment cam deter crime in two ways. 1)... and 2)... |
1) Specific deterrence is used to convince an individual offender that crime does not pay. 2) General deterrence is the punishment of one person serves as an example to others. |
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Rehabilitation |
A program for reforming the offender to prevent later offenses. |
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Societal Protection |
Rendering an offender incapable of further offenses temporarily through imprisionment or permanently by execution. |
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Criminal recidivism |
Later offenses by people previously convicted of crimes. |
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Community based corrections |
Correctional programs operating within society at large rather than behind prison walls. |
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Probation |
A policy permitting a convicted offender to remain in the community;y under conditions imposed by a court, including regular supervision. |
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Shock Probation |
Policy by which a judge orders a convicted offender to prison for a short time but then suspends the remainder of the sentences in favor of probation. |
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Parole |
Is a policy of releasing inmates from prison to serve the remainder of their sentences in the local community under the supervision of a parole officer. |
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Biological:Biological |
________ theories focus on individual abnormality and explain human behavior as the result of ________ instincts. |
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Psychological |
_______ theories focus on individual abnorality and see deviance as the result of "unsuccessful socialization". |
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Sociological theories |
_______ view all behavior - deviance as wells as conformity - as products of society.- difference in cultural norms-people are deviant only when others label them that way.-Deviance reflects who has or doesn't have social power. |
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63 ; 80 |
________% of people are arrested for property crimes and ______% of people arrested for violent crimes are male. |
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Street crime ; white collar crime ; corporate |
________ crime is more common among people of lower social position. Including _______ and ________ crime makes class differences in criminality smaller. |
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Biological |
Sex is... |
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Gender |
...... is cultural, referring to behavior, power and privileges a society attaches to being female or male. |
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Biological |
Sexuality is a ...... issue. |
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Conception |
Sex is determined at ... |
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Genitals |
Example of primary sex characteristics |
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Bodily development |
Example of secondary sex characteristics |
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Transsexual |
People who feel they are one sex even though biologically they are the other. |
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1960-1970 |
Sexual revolution peaked in... |
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Sexual orientation |
A person's romantic and emotional attraction to another person |
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Heterosexuality |
Sexual attraction to someone of the other sex |
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Homosexuality |
Sexual attraction to someone of the same sex |
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Bisexuality |
Sexual attraction to peoples of either sex |
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Asexuality |
A lack of sexual attraction to people of either sex |
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Homophobia |
Discomfort over close personal interaction with people thought to be gay, lesbian or bisexual |
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Transgender |
appearing or behaving in ways that challenge conventional cultural norms concerning how females and males should look and act |
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Pornography |
Sexually explicit material intended to cause sexual arousal |
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Prostitution |
The selling of sexual services |
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Abortion |
The deliberate termination of a pregnancy |
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S.F |
(Lens) Society's need to regulate sexual activity |
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S.I |
(Lens) Sexual differences between societies |
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S.C |
(Lens) Links sexuality to social inequality |
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Queer theory |
Research findings that challenges the heterosexual bias in U.S. society |
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Heterosexism |
A view that labels anyone who is not heterosexual as "queer" |
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Social Interaction |
Is the process by which people act and react in relation to others. |
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Status |
Status is a social position that is part of our social identity and that defines out relationship to others.
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Ascribed status |
Is an involuntary ( teenager, mexican, orphan) |
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Achieved status |
Is earned (Honors student, pilot, thief) |
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Master status |
Which can be either ascribed or achieved, has special importance in a persons identity ( blind, doctor, or obama's kids) |
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Role |
Behavior expected of someone who holds a particular status |
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Role set |
A number of roles attached to a single status |
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Role conflict |
Conflict among the roles connected to two or more statuses |
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Role strain |
Tension among the roles connected to a single status |
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Social construction of reality |
The process by which people creatively shape reality through social interaction |
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Thomas theorem |
W.I. Thomas's claim that situations defined as real are real in their consequences. |
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Ethnomethodology |
Harold Garfinkel's term for the study of the way people make sense of their everyday surroundings |
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Dramaturgical analysis |
Erving Goffman's term for the study of social interaction in terms of theatrical performance |
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Presentation of self |
Erving Goffman's tern for a person's efforts to create specific impressions in the minds of others |
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Men typically have greater social power than women. |
Gender affects performances because... |
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To convince others that our actions reflect ideal culture rather than selfish motives. |
Idealization of performances means we try... |
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Nonverbal communication |
Communication using body movements, gestures and facial expressions rather than speech. |
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Social construct of feeling : Emotions |
Biologically programmed -Overall controlled by culture |
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Social construct of Gender : Language |
Language defines men and women as different types of people |
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Social construct of Humor : Reality Play |
People around the world find differnt things funny because culture controls it |
