Soc- Chapter 3

Front 1

culture

Back 1

totality of learned, socially transmitted customs, knowledge, material objects, and behavior (ideas, values, customs, and artifacts of groups of people)

Front 2

society

Back 2

large number of people hwo live in same territory, who are relatively independent of people outside that area, and who participate in common culture(day to day interactions)

Front 3

culural universals

Back 3

all societies develop common practices and beliefs

Front 4

innovation

Back 4

introducing new idea or object to a culture- vehicles

Front 5

discovery

Back 5

making known or sharing existence of an aspect of reality- DNA molecule

Front 6

invention

Back 6

existing cultural items conbined into form that did not exist before

Front 7

diffusion

Back 7

process by which a cultural item spreads from group to group- Americans eating sushi, asians drinking coffee

Front 8

McDonaldization

Back 8

process through which principles of fast-food industry dominate certain sectors of society- sex clinics offer menu of items

Front 9

technology

Back 9

information about how to use material resources of the environment to satisfy human needs and desires-

Front 10

material culture

Back 10

physical or technological aspects of daily lives- food items, houses, factories, raw materials

Front 11

nonmaterial culture

Back 11

ways of using material objects as well as- customs, beliefs, philosophies, governments, patterns of communication

Front 12

culture lag

Back 12

period of maladjustment when nonmaterial culture struggles to adapt to new material conditions- internet use

Front 13

sociobiology

Back 13

systematic study of how biology affects human social behavior- women as nurturers men are providors(not learned but come from genetics)

Front 14

language

Back 14

abstract system of word meanings and symbols for all aspects of culture

Front 15

norms

Back 15

established standards of behavior maintained by a society

Front 16

formal norms

Back 16

generally writting; specify strict punishment (laws)

Front 17

informal norms

Back 17

generally understood by not precisely recorded (wearing professional dress to an interview)

Front 18

mores

Back 18

norms deemed highly necessary to the welfare of a society (USA has strong mores towards murder)

Front 19

folkways

Back 19

norms governing everyday behavior (walking up and down escalator)

Front 20

sanctions

Back 20

penalties and rewards for conduct concerning social norm

Front 21

positive sanctions

Back 21

pay raises, medals, and words of gratitude

Front 22

negative sanctions

Back 22

fines, threats, imprisonment, ans stares of contempt

Front 23

values

Back 23

collective conceptions of what is good, desirable, and proper- or bad, undesirable, and improper

Front 24

culture war

Back 24

polarization of society over controversial cultural elements

Front 25

dominant ideology

Back 25

set of cultural beliefs and practices that help maintain powerful interests (social, economic, political)

Front 26

subculture

Back 26

segment of society that shares distinctive pattern of mores, folkways, and values that differs from larger society (rodeo rides)

Front 27

argot

Back 27

specialized language that distinguishes a subculter from the wider society

Front 28

counterculture

Back 28

subculture that conspicuously and deliberately opposes certain aspects of the larger culture

Front 29

culture shock

Back 29

feeling disoriented, uncertain, out of place, or fearful when immersed in an unfamiliar culture

Front 30

ethnocentrism

Back 30

tendency to assume that ones own culture and way of life represents the norm or is superior to others

Front 31

culture relativism

Back 31

peoples behaviors from the perspective of their own culture