Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
75 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Gender
|
= Socially determined.
Consists of whatever traits, characteristics, activities, & actions a group considers proper for its males & females. Gender is socially taught to you by your culture. A group determines at birth that a baby is a boy or girl and based on this the child is socialized as such. |
|
|
People are taught to think in terms of...
|
gender.
This decides how we act toward members or the opposite sex vs. the same sex, the activities we partake in or choose not to, & the jobs we decide to pursue, the clothes we are going to wear, (just to name a few). |
|
|
Sex
|
= biologically determined and based on the internal and external biological differences found in females and males.
XX = female, XY = male |
|
|
There are 3 types of societies/groups based on sex:
|
Patriarchy
Matriarchy Egalitarian |
|
|
Patriarchy –
|
a society or group in which men as a group dominate women as a group.
Authority and power is given to the males in thsociety/group |
|
|
Matriarchy –
|
a society or group in which women as a group dominate men as a group.
Authority and power is given to the females in the society/group. |
|
|
Egalitarian –
|
a society or group in which men and women as a group are viewed and treated as equals.
Authority and power is shared equally in the society/group. |
|
|
Feminism =
|
a belief that women & men are equal & thus should be treated equal.
This does not mean that women and men are the same, but that differences or no differences they are equal. |
|
|
There have been 3 waves of the American feminist movement
|
First Wave
Second Wave Third wave |
|
|
First Wave Feminism
Goal one |
July 13th 1848 is considered the beginning of the feminist movement. The first wave’s emphasis was on obtaining the same rights and equality as men. Winning the right to vote was the main political goal or objective of the first wave. Winning the vote was essential to establishing the principle that women’s rights were public and that citizenship was not limited
|
|
|
The first wave
2nd goal |
Uncovering women in history was another goal of the first wave.
Feminist historians became particularly adept in reading the nuances and learning to look through the biased opinions about women which so many sources are tainted with. They started tracking down forgotten female historical figures, authors, visual artists, playwrights and composers, diaries, and periodicals, to add to the existing cannon. After women won the right to vote in 1920, many supporters dropped out of active participation in the movement. Those that remained became second wave feminists. |
|
|
Second Wave Feminism
|
The former women who stayed active within the movement, after the vote was granted, turned their attention to sex discrimination in the law.
The second wave of feminism dates from 1920-1980, although organized feminism was primarily dormant until the social and political activities of the 1960’s. At it’s peak in the 1960’s second wave feminism emerged as a theory of women as a homogeneous group fighting for equality within the public, private and institutional spheres of life. The proper strategy seemed to be a constitutional amendment affirming equal rights. This caused a conflict between women because it set the goal of enabling women to have the same opportunities and situation as men against the goal of enabling women freely to be different from men without adverse consequences. |
|
|
Third Wave
|
Feminism - The third wave emerged in the 1980’s as feminists found discrepancies and prejudices within the second wave, in addition to the realization that an all inclusive movement did not address the fact that women are very diverse and cannot all be categorized into one category “woman”.
Some issues facing third wave feminists are women’s reproductive rights, women’s enrollment in military academies and service in active combat and women in leadership roles in religious worship. Third wave feminists also want the attributes that are uniquely female to have the same standing, weight and status as attributes that are uniquely male. |
|
|
One of the biggest misconceptions today is that women have it
|
so much better than in the past.
In fact this is used to validate or accept the inequalities in our society still. “We may not be equal, but at least we are better off than we used to be”. Here’s how we got to where we are today. I am going to give you the historical foundation so you can see why we are where we are in society. |
|
|
Family based economy
|
From the 17th – early 18th century America was a family based economy, meaning the production & consumption of all goods happened within the home. In this setting the work of women & men were interdependent for survival.
|
|
|
Family based economy-women's labor
|
During this time women’s labor was publicly visible, equally valued & known to be economically necessary. There was no notion that women were incapable of heavy hard work, virtually no occupation was deemed inappropriate for either sexes, or any explicit expectation about motherhood, b/c both mother & father were equally responsible as parent.
|
|
|
Family based economy- view of a woman's economic activity
|
Women could assume almost any economic activity w/o being seen as unwomanly, competing w/men, neglecting their children, or stepping out of their proper place.
Work was comfortably integrated w/ their roles as mothers |
|
|
View of women in the 18th century compared to 19th and 20th
|
Women were also viewed more positively in the 18th century than in the 19th & 20th century.
This is because in colonial America white women were scarce. Men needed to marry & establish themselves & their households, thus men needed women. This gave women bargaining power. |
|
|
family wage economy (F.W.E.).
|
occured in the late 18th century when the center of labor moved out of the household & into the factory system
|
|
|
The F.W.E. led to...
|
the development of dual roles for women as paid laborers & unpaid housewives.
Women’s work in the home was still economically & socially necessary. However the kinds of productive activities that were done primarily by women in the home became less & less necessary. |
|
|
As the focus of work moved beyond the home...
|
the worth of all persons became measured in terms of their earned wage.
This made women more economically dependent on men because men almost always made more money & devalued the previously valued roles women held as wives & mothers. |
|
|
By the late 18th century & early 19th century an ideology of domesticity gave women...
|
limited & gender specific roles to play in society, which was previously unknown to them.
This came about so women were not competing for jobs with men. |
|
|
Women’s role in this new American individualism was
|
not to embrace it themselves.
Lofty standards were set for women that centered on feminine virtues of piety, purity, submissiveness & domesticity |
|
|
Medical authorities of this time went as far as to say
|
too much education, exercise or work would damage women’s reproductive apparatus.
They were to literally stay @ home out of the hard world & protect their delicate health. |
|
|
This limited women how?
|
This limited women’s experience to the private world of the family, which contradicts the reality of the past, especially with respect to what women can & cannot do in society.
|
|
|
To legitimize this new found division of labor b/t women & men...
|
a new concept of womanhood emerged in the late 19th century.
For the 1st time the idea that children need full-time, undivided attention from their mothers, & that women are particularly & naturally able to provide this care, emerged. |
|
|
A woman's sole responsibility was what?
|
This made it her sole responsibility to raise fine upstanding citizens, & her fault if they did not turn out “right”.
|
|
|
What was the contradiction of these changes and ideals?
|
That it was only for wealthy or middle class White families.
Even though society told minorities & the poor that this was desirable, they did not have the luxury of perpetuating it. |
|
|
As capitolism developed furthur in the 1900's there was a shift from what?
|
from patriarchy within the family to public patriarchy centered in industry, government & the institutions of society.
This ensured that all women were subject to a patriarchal order, regardless of individual family & private circumstances. |
|
|
How were educated women depicted?
|
In addition the image of the new woman emerged, which depicted educated women who pursue their own careers. They were perpetuated as unmarried, childless, unhappy women in society who only wished they had not decided to take this road, & wished they could go back & start over as an uneducated happy domestic (commercial, movies, stories, books).
|
|
|
Results of patriarchy on men and women today
|
Today most people have come to accept that a wife may work outside the home for pay, but now they feel mothers shouldn’t.
Many people view female autonomy as a direct threat to the institution of society & the institution of the American family. Many feel that the central values of the modern family & modern women stand in opposition to the values that underlie women’s emancipation. Even though 70% of American households are dual-earning households (both work) either by choice or economic necessity. |
|
|
What problem does this lead to?
|
*This leads to an almost uniquely female problem once children are born, to work or not to work.
If a woman stays home and exits the work force she is deemed bad, lazy, and non-productive by society, but if she works she is deemed as a bad mother who is leaving the parenting duties to hired workers, which is viewed as not right and unnatural. Men almost never have to deal with this issue because it is seen as the woman’s responsibility and job, primarily, to raise the children. |
|
|
What is considered work in America and what problems does this cause?
|
Reproductive work, such as caring for children, spouses or elderly relatives, is not monetarily valued or reimbursed in our country.
If a person is not receiving a wage for the productive labor they engage in it is not considered work, even though caregivers save the government millions by doing the work the government would have to fund otherwise. |
|
|
What is an almost uniquely make problem?
|
.Men are socialized to grow up and be the breadwinner of the family.
They are to work and support the family, not the other way around. I f a man fails to do this or is unable to adequately provide he is viewed as a bum and incompetent by our society. So men too have limited roles they are expected to fill. |
|
|
How are motherhood and women's maternal insticts considered compared to a man's?
|
Motherhood and women’s maternal instincts are considered superior to fatherhood and men’s paternal instincts.
A man’s paternal instincts are devalued or considered less than a woman’s maternal instincts. |
|
|
Women are a numeric majority but still considered as a minority group b/c why?
|
Even though women are a numeric majority, they are still counted as a minority group because they are a power & privilege minority.
What power really is: The ability to get your way. |
|
|
Questions about these topics
|
1.Who decides what people get?
2.Who sets the agenda? 3.Who decides what gets decided? Do they give women what they want Or Do they want what they give them Or Do they take what they can get |
|
|
Institutions are gendered & this effects men & women b/c
|
both sexes are gendered to fit into their roles & places w/in institutions
|
|
|
Gendered institutions
|
the combination of patterns of gender relations, stereotypes, expectations, interpersonal relationships, different placement of men & women in social, economic & political institutional hierarchies
|
|
|
Does hiring equal number of women and men create gender equality?
|
By hiring equal # of women & men you are not creating gender equality.
You have to look @ the positions women are given & men are given. Women usually are given secondary, supportive & part-time roles. Men are given primary, dominant & full-time roles. Men have careers women have jobs. |
|
|
Is this an individuals fault?
|
This is not an individual's fault. Individuals may perpetuate gender inequality, but they are just playing a role in the institution too.
They have been taught how to act, & they too most likely have a boss they answer to & know how they are expected to act & the roles they are expected to fill in order to maintain a job. You can’t expect a man to turn down a promotion because someone else was more qualified or deserving. |
|
|
Are individuals and instituitons aware of their behavior?
|
Individuals may not even be aware of their behavior; it could be such a part of them & the institution that they are unconscious of it.
|
|
|
What is social change?
How does gender equality come about? |
Social change is not a matter of individual will.
By changing our minds, gender inequality will not disappear. Transformation of gender inequality requires individual change & changes in societal institutions. Gender equality comes when things strictly feminine and things strictly masculine are given the same weight, worth and value and status. |
|
|
How does putting token members in key, highly visible positions perpetuate prejudice cylcles?
|
b/c it infers that the institution is consciously aware of who holds what jobs w/in the institution & they purposely have to search out others candidates to fulfill the bare minimum legal requirement.
|
|
|
Enforcement of laws
|
This means an enforcement of the laws, which are in place. Right now we have laws but they are not enforced & violation goes unpunished or they only get a slap on the hand.
|
|
|
Laws that affect women and men
|
The 15th Amendment to the constitution
Passage of the 19th Amendment 1964 Civil Rights Act Equal Rights Amendment 1972-15 states that have not ratified the ERA |
|
|
The 15th Amendment to the constitution gave
|
citizens of the United States the right to vote.
|
|
|
19th Amendment.
|
In 1874 women said we are citizens too, so we can vote & hold office like men.
The Supreme Court then interpreted the 15th amendment to mean males only. In 1874 women were written into law as property of her fathers until marriage, then her husbands. This held true until Aug. 26th 1920 when women were finally called citizens not property, & given the right to vote by the passage of the 19th ammendment. |
|
|
1964 Civil Rights Act:
|
Act passed to further constitutional guarantees, with particular emphasis on preventing employment discrimination based on race, gender, sex, religion, or age.
When the CRA looked like it was going to pass sex was added to the wording @ the last minute as a last ditch effort to stop it from becoming law. This is why initially after the passage of the CRA & even today the sex provision in the wording is disregarded, b/c it is regarded as a fluke that was never meant to be law anyway |
|
|
Equal Rights Amendment 1972
|
Say’s, equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of sex. The congress shall have the power to enforce, by appropriate legislation, the provisions of this article.
The amendment shall take effect 2 yrs. after the date of ratification. |
|
|
Details on the ERA
|
1.1st introduced in 1923
2.In 1950 & 1953 the senate passed it but not the house 3.In 1972, March 22nd, congress passed & it was sent to the states for ratification. Needed 38 states for a ¾ majority. 4.The deadline was 1978, & only 35 states had passed it by that time. 5.Congress extended the deadline to June 30th, 1982, but no additional states ratified it so it expired. 6.Reintroduced in 1983 & is still waiting to be passed |
|
|
15 states that have not ratified the ERA:
|
Alabama. Arizona, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Louisiana, Mississippi, Missouri, Nevada, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Utah, Virginia.
|
|
|
Reasons the ERA may not have passed? 1
|
B/c the CRA does include sex and gender in the wording; it is redundant & unnecessary to pass another law.
|
|
|
Reasons the ERA may not have passed? 3
|
B/c of executive orders 11246 & 11375.
1.11246: In 1965 Lyndon Johnson gave a presidential executive order requiring federal agencies & contractors to take affirmative action in enforcing the CRA to overcome employment discrimination 2.11375: In 1967 executive order 11375 expands executive order 11246’s non-discrimination measure to include women. Enforcement was won in 1973. |
|
|
What's the best way to gage how far women in the United States still have to go?
|
is to look at the media coverage of women who do fill high status positions in our society.
B/c they are so rare they make good news stories. When it is no longer newsworthy that a woman has become the head of an oil company, owns a baseball franchise, is an army general, president of the U.S. that will be a sign of gender equality. |
|
|
How many cents do women make for every dollar a man makes?
|
Today, on average, women make .65- 76 cents for every dollar a man makes for doing the same job. This means for doing the same job and having equal qualifications, credentials and experience.
|
|
|
How many Fortune 500 companies are headed by women as of 2006?
|
8
|
|
|
When watching TV commercials, movies, TV shows, looking at magazines what roles do women have?
What messages are being conveyed to women? |
1.Women are given mostly supportive roles in big budget films.
2.Women still are shown doing most of the cooking, cleaning, and childcare on TV shows. 3.Magazines and commercials tell women that they need to change themselves to be beautiful, good or okay. We are not beautiful in our natural state. (We should exercise to be size 2, wear make-up to cover our faces, use creams and masks to cover our age, dye our hair to cover our age or change our look, and women should be White, rich and happy). This is the message we are given. |
|
|
Ageism:
|
Negative discrimination, prejudice and hostility directed against people because of their age.
This can happen to the young, middle age, or elderly. **In the U.S. The old are the most discriminated against** |
|
|
The Aging Process for Men and Women
American women live longer than American men do by how many years. |
7-8 years
|
|
|
Women have an average widowhood of how many years and why?,
|
12-13 years
because most women marry men several years older than themselves |
|
|
Women contract more of what kind of illnesses?
|
acute illnesses (quick onset, and there are cures),
|
|
|
Men contract more of what kind of illnesses?
|
fatal or chronic illnesses (long term, long onset, no cure).
|
|
|
Women are more likely to do what things when it comes to their health?
|
access healthcare when sick,
go to annual checkups, and talk about their symptoms and health |
|
|
Other aging difference between men and women
|
There are occupational differences b/t women and men
There are genetic and hormonal differences that predispose some to contract certain types of illnesses more readily. |
|
|
What is America's scientific id controlled by what model of medicine?
|
America’s scientific community is controlled by the bio-medical model of medicine, which means our scientific community treats ailments once they occur and money is funneled into research that extends life and treats diseases.
The bio-medical model does not attribute psychological or emotional problems as causes of physical problems or illness; there is a separation of mind and body and everything boils down to biology. |
|
|
quantity of life
|
what Scientists and the federal focus their budget on
extending the # of years a person can live. Right now homosapiens have the potential to live about 120 years. How far do we want to extend this? |
|
|
In the bio-medical model what is seen as a medical problem to fix?
|
aging
Drugs are the #1 way to help the elderly, not natural remedies, mental health help, or preventative measures. The biggest problem with this is that not all medical schools require geriatrics training. The elderly metabolize medicine at a slower rate and being drugged or overdosed occurs frequently. This can cause a whole slew of other problems that are also treated with drugs, but are only side effects of the original prescription. |
|
|
Why are drugs used to treat the elderly more than treating the actual problem?
|
B/c it is more cost effective to treat diseases once a person has it than to take preventative measures or have preventative programs to prevent or extend the onset.
|
|
|
What has there been a push to spend more money on in the last decade in health care?
|
Within the last decade there has been a push for more money to be spent on preventive medicine and programs, which could extend the quality of life- extending the # of years a person lives in good health.
|
|
|
the preventative model
|
The preventative model views a person holistically; the mind and body are interdependent.
In the preventative model of medicine aging is seen as a natural, normal process. They want to prevent diseases or extend the onset of diseases from occurring. What good does it do to live 10-20 more years if those extra years are spent in sickness, incompetence and poor health? |
|
|
How does this model address helping people?
|
Teaching preventative measures is the way this model addresses helping people
(Exercise, eating right, vitamins, regular check-up w/ tests and screenings, not smoking, avoiding alcohol and drug abuse, not having a lot of sexual partners). |
|
|
Reasons why the bio-medical model controls America’s scientific community one
|
Medicine is the largest business, and the only legal monopoly, in our country.
The goal of businesses in a capitalist society is to make money. Wellness is not profitable, if doctors and hospitals prevent illness they lose money. |
|
|
Reasons why the bio-medical model controls America’s scientific community two
|
People and institutions who fund research want to see results in a timely manner, to ensure their money is not being wasted on dead end research, techniques or projects.
You can see if a technique or procedure is working relatively quickly when applying it to an ailment and seeing what occurs. The results of preventative measures take a much longer period of time to yield results. |
|
|
Reasons why the bio-medical model controls America’s scientific community three
|
Drug companies fund a lot of research, and their objective is to sell drugs to consumers who have ailments.
|
