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129 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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achieved status
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earned through individuals accomplishments (i.e. doctor)
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aggregate, social
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not a social group, but a collectivity of people who happen to be in the same place at the same time
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animism
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belief that all living beings have a life force that people ought to live in harmony with all forms of life
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anomic suicide
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Durkheim, a kind of suicide that increase when soceity fails to excersize adequate regulation over desires and goals
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anomie
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Robert Merton, a situation that occurs when there is a disjuncture between the goals promoted by society and the availibility of legitimate means to achieve these goals
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ascribed status
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bestowed at birth (i.e. male, female)
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bourgeoise
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marx's term, people who own the means of production in modern society, capitalists
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caste system
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completley closed system of stratification in which status is inherited.
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class system
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believed to be open and not based off hereditary factors
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collective consince
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the totality of beliefs and sentiments common to the average members of the same society
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counterculture
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subculture whose values and beliefs set it not only aparat but also in opposition to the dominant culture (ex. KKK).
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cultural diffusion
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process by which people of different cultures borrow elements of material of nonmaterial culture from another
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cultural leveling
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occurs when different cultures come to seem alike as a result of a great deal of diffusion
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cultural relativism
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the belief that other people and their ways of doing things can be understood only in terms of the cultural context of those other poeple
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deviance
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behavior that violates norms, non-normative beahvior
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dharma
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caste-based duties in the Hindu religon
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discreditable identity
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the social identity of one who hides a stigma and is thereby vulnerable to being found out and discredited
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ectomorph
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tall, thin individual
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egoistic suicide
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Durkheim; increase when people arent well integrated into society; lack strong bonds with one another
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endomorph
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short and heavy individual
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ethnocentrism
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tendency to use one's own culture as a standard against which to judge other people's cultures
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folkways
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the most gentle of norms
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gemeinschaft
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tonnies; relationships that are ends in and of themselves (emotional relationships)
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gender
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social expectations about the attributes of males and females
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generalized other
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mead; take on the role of others to see how things look from that point of view
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gesselschaft
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means to and end relationships (goal-driven)
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habitualized behavior
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an action that is frequently repeated and becomes cast into a pattern
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hawthorne effect
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changes that occur in peoples behavior because they are involved as research subjects. (act different when observed)
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"I and Me"
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mead; conception of how individuals acquire and maintain their social selves. Me is self as an objevt, I is unique to one's situation
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ideal types
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weber; a methodoloical stategy (beaucracry most noted)
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idioculture
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knowlege, beliefs, behaviors and customs chared by members of a small group
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income
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the money an individual receives each year
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inconvient facts
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weber; go against or undermine one's beliefs
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intergenerational mobility
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social moblility that occurs accross generations. (daughter acheives higher status then parents)(Bill gates' kids)
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intragenerational mobility
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social moblity expereinced during person's lifetime. (from streets to a lawyer)
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jati
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occupational groups within castes in India
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karma
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hindu belief. people who do good in life will be born into higher status in next life
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latent function
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consequences of social action that are unintended or hidden
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legitimate means
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socially approved means of acheiving desired goals
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legitimating rationales
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explanations for why social arrangments are right and proper
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life chances
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the probabilities concerning fate an indivudal can expect in life
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looking glass self
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Cooley; people act as they would want others to see them
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macrosociology
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approach to the study of society that focuses on relationships between social structures and institutions rather than individuals
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manifest function
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conseuences of social acts that are intended and obvious
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master status
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that status others deem most telling about an individual
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material culture
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things that humans make or adapt from the raw stuff of nature
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matthew effect
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the notion that people who have wealth or fame find it easier to accomodate more.
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mechanical solidarity
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solidarity based on likeness
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mesomorph
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muscular and athletic
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social moblity
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movement of individuals within society's stratification system
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mores
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important norms
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nonmaterial culture
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intangible elements of culture
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norms
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socially accepted rules for behavior
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organic solidarity
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solidartiy based on interdependendy
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personal troubles
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mills; causes originate within individual
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primary deviance
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everyone does from time to time. may go unnoticed and unsactioned
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primary group
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cooley; small intimate groups, gemeinschaft
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pygmalion effect
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effect of teachers expectations on students performance
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qualitative research
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gains understanding of things from the POV of person being observed
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quantitative research
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expressed in numbers
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rational behavior
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weber; means to and end behavior
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rites of passage
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ceremonies or ritual to move from status to status
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sanctions
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visible responses to behavior. may be positive or negative and formal or informal
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secondary deviance
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deviance that is more serious. occurs after one has already been labeled devaint (ex murder)
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self-fulfilling prophecy
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prediciton of event causes it to happen.
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SES
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socioeconmic status. factors that determines ones overall status in the social system
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shudras
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hindu caste
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social darwinism
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the application of darwin's evolutionary ideas to social policy
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social institution
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a set of ideas about the proper response to an important societal problem
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social status
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position on social structure
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socilization
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process by which people aquire cultural competency
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status inconsistency
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occurs when an indivudals ascribed and acheived statuses are inconsistent
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status symbols
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visible clues to a persons status. (wedding ring)
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stigma
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a physical or social attribute that discredits an indivudals claim to respect.
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subculture
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a group of people who shared values, norms, beliefs, or use of material culture sets them apart from other people in society
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taboos
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societys most important social norms.
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thomas thereom
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if people define situations as real, they are real in their consequences
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total institution
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goffman; place of residence and work where a large number of life-sitauted individuals but off from the larger society for a long period of time and together lead an ecnolsed round of life
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values
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ideas of what is good and desirable
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vertical mobility
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movement up or down in class
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wealth
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total value of assets owned by an individual
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naiive observer
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interprets social world solely on first and secondhand data
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communicating status and wealth is a __ function
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Latent
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weber; empathic understanding
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verstehen
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triangulation
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collecting data from a variety of sources
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conflict paradigm
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society is not really harmonius but made of groups in competition for resources
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false bifuraction fallacy
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false dillema is presented "all americans must support death penalty"
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marx said the most important factors that shaped society were
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economic
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dubois was particularly interested in __ as an impact on modern society
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race
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public issue
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mills; problems causes found in larger social enviornment and not within the individuals who eperience these problems
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personal trouble
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problem whose causes originate within the individual.
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first german sociologist?
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tonnies
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sui generis
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social facts cant be explained solely by psychological or biological facts, but only in relation to other social facts. "social facts have reality"
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ecological fallacy
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assumptions about a member of a group based on what we know about the characteristcs of the group as a whole
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cultural relativism
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the process of treating social constructs as products of nature, divine will, or as the essential nature or reality
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sensori-motor stage
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understands physcial relationship to enviornment and object permenance
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pre-operational stage
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aquires language, object permenance, reality, self-centered
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formal operational stage
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forms perspectives, socialization occurs
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id
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demands satisfactiom
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ego
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attempts to satisy the id with limits set from the superego
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in general, social instituions are...
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inherently conservative, they change, but slowly
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what makes an ideal type beaucracy?
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it is "fully rationalized" it is organized to meet the needs of the organization
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sublimation
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process by which the ego finds acceptable outlets for the urges of the id
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the idea everyone in the world is connected through their social networks is called?
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small-world hypothesis
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according to merton, what helps peopld aquire cultural competency?
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manifest function of socilization
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according to merton, what perpetuates the nature of existing social structure?
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latent function of socialization
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mala in se
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evil in and on itself
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Mala prohibita
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against the laws or rules
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Altruistic suicide
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ndividual not important (gives up life for group)
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Fatalistic suicide
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Not enough autonomy and uncertainty. (no choices, no need to live essentially)
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Anomic suicide
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Too much autonomy and uncertainty
“lawlessness” |
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Conformist
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accepts goals and means
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Innovator
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accept goals finds other means
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Ritualist
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accepts means, gives up on goal
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Retreatists
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rejects goals and means
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Rebel
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new gols and means to achieve different vison of society
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Howard Bekker
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deviance is socially constructed
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Edwin Lemert
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and secondary deviances
-primary: undetected (Quirky behavior, occasional, often undetected) -largely ignored, label depends on class status |
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Edwin Shur
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deviant labled affects self-concept lable
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Allen Liska
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secondary deviance: once in the system, always observed
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relativity of deviance
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deviance varies from one society to another
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theory of avatism
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physical appreance effects likelihood to deviate
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Emile Durheim's collective conscience
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the totality of beliefs and snetiments common to members of the same society
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Howard bekker
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apllied sociology to process of getting high from marijuna
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Gordon Allport
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Wrote the "nature of prejuidice"
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What is the difference between prejuidce and discrimintation
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discrimination is behavioral
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prejuidice
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negative and presistent judgment based on incorrect information about a particular group
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avadance
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avoiding intercation with people from a particular group
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verbal rejection
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using derogatory nouns to refer to people in a particular group
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