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53 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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crime
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the violation of a social norm that has been codified into a law and for which an individual can be formally punished |
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deviance
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the violation of a social norm |
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human trafficking |
centers on exploitation, when commercial sex act is induced by fraud, force, or coercion or recruitment of a person for labor or services for the subject of involuntary servitude, slavery, debt bondage, etc. |
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norm |
a rule or guideline of expected social behavior |
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smuggling |
importation of people into a country or nation state involving deliberate evasion of immigration laws |
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economic recession |
a period of an economic downturn, whose beginning is marked by three consecutive quarters of contraction of the economic production. |
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economy |
the system of production and distribution of goods and services
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socialism |
one of the two major economic systems that has three essential characteristic features: 1) state ownership of the means of production of goods 2) central planning of all economic activities 3) distribution of goods and provision of services without a profit motive |
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capitalism |
one of the two major economic systems that has three essential characteristic features: 1) private ownership of economic assets and of the means of production and distribution 2) free market competition among privately owned companies 3) the pursuit of profit as the motive for economic engagement and entrepreneurships |
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laissez-faire
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"hands-off" capitalism with no government interference in the free market |
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work |
the creation of material goods and services that may be consumed by the worker or sold for consumption to someone else |
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collateralized debt obligations (CDOs) |
complicated securities based on a pool of other mortgages that very few people fully understand and that promises high yields. |
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TARP
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troubled asset relief program, or the 700 billion$ package by the US govt. to bail out failing banks and other financial institutions |
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"power elite" |
according to CW Mills, a very small group of individuals and families from the peak of the corporate world, upper echelon of politics, and the top brass military that occupies the top of the power pyramid |
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deindustrialization |
the decline of industrial production at the expense of growth in the service sector that has occurred in the US after 1950 |
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alienation |
the experience of isolation and misery resulting from powerlessness in the workplace |
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extrinsic (external) rewards |
rewards that include material benefits such as salary, wages, fringe benefits (health insurance, dental, pension plans), promotion opportunities, and job security |
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intrinsic(internal) rewards
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rewards that include such things as autonomy, independence, freedom to plan one's own work, a positive work atmosphere, an opportunity to express yourself on the job, encouragement of your creativeness, and the lack of tight formal supervision of your work. |
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theory x |
a management theory which assumes the need for managers to apply external control by using the carrot and stick approach and motivate workers to be more productive by relying on rewards and punishment |
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theory y |
a management theory which assumes that managers will treat workers with respect and give them recognition for their efforts to stimulate them to work harder and produce more. encouragement and recognition are the keys here. |
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job satisfaction |
the feeling of pride, achievement and self actualization from one's job |
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matrix organization |
an organization where the worker reports to at least 2 different bosses
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mcdonaldization of society
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an extreme rationalization and standardization that originated in the fast food industry, but nowadays affects almost every other aspect of our life (edu, healthcare, child care, transportation, the mass media) |
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organization
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the structure and ordering of elements and activities in the workplace
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role conflict
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when two of a person's roles come in conflict, ex: being a professional and a housewife |
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role overload |
typically, the overburdening of the wife's responsibilities because she performs to many roles that take up more time than she can manage |
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technology
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tools or machines, hardware. also means the skills or procedures needed to use or make the tools |
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globalization |
the interconnectedness of the world in terms of economy, trade, communications, cultural exchanges, sports, entertainment, and even cuisine.
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neoliberalism
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an ideology that advocated laissez-faire capitalism on a global scale and firmly believes in the efficiency of free trade and unfettered markets, privatization, deregulation, and the dismantling of the welfare state |
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postindustrial society
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the highest stage of development of human society in which microchip technology is used and services become the dominant sector of the economy. |
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authority |
legit power |
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charismatic authority |
the right to make decisions that is based on perceived extraordinary personal characteristics |
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checks and balances
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the distribution of power among the 3 branches of govt.: executive, judiciary and legislative. this system guarantees our rights and assures there is no undue dominance of any single branch |
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coercion
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power exercised by force or threat of force- illegitimate power |
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democracy
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a political system that provides regular constitutional opportunities for a change in leadership according to the will of the majority and needs at least 3 conditions to exist: 1)a fairly high standard of living 2)competing interest groups 3)absence of fundamental cleavages |
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monarchy
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a govt. headed by royalty of some sort |
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oligarchy |
when a small group of people seizes power, usually through a coup d'état |
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pluralism |
the diffusion of power among different interest groups, which prevents one group from gaining control over govt. |
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political party |
an association specifically organized to win elections and to secure power over personnel and policies of the state |
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power |
the ability to direct or control the behavior of others, sometimes even against their wishes |
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public policy |
an international course of action followed by a govt. institution or official for resolving an issue of public concern |
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rational-legal authority |
a type of authority based on written rules |
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totalitarianism |
a rule characterized by almost total control of the people by the government
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traditional authority
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when the basis of authority is tradition or custom. |
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education |
the process of transmitting the culture, technology, knowledge, and skills of society from one generation to the next. also, the social institution that satisfied that need. |
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credentialism |
evaluating a person on the basis of educational degrees, diplomas and certifications |
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TIMSS
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Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study
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grade inflation |
when students are given better grades than what they deserve |
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social promotion |
pushing students through the educational system, even if they have not learned the required material. |
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functional illiteracy |
the difficulty that students and adults experience with basic reading, writing and simple calculation skills |
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magnet schools |
a school which emphasizes excellence in a particular area (computers, foreign languages, science, math, art, music) |
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vouchers |
documents that allow public tax dollars to be redeemed at private schools for edu services |
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charter school |
a tuition free entity that receives funding from the states and provides a wide variety of choices to parents and students |
