Soc 3690 Exam 2

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elite

Back 1

an exceptional and/or privileged group that wields considerable power within its sphere of influence

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power elite

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the term, coined by Mills, for a small group of people who control a disproportionate amount of wealth, privilege, and access to decision-making of global consequence

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ruling class

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the social class of a given society that decides upon and sets that society's political policy; definitely a Marxian idea

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corporate community

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Domhoff's term for a ruling class that is based on interlocking directorates - the interpersonal ties and expertise of the people who already sit on one or more boards

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the upper class

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a social class; a dominant and cohesive group that wields power

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characteristics/determinants of the upper class

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location (isolation, limited access), exclusivity, education, values/mindset/attitudes, property, money/wealth, shared experiences/lifestyle, social capital/networks

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dominance

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the influence the upper class has

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power

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the level of capability the upper class has to influence

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Social Register

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in the US, a directory of names and addresses of prominent American families who form the social elite

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Mills' definition of power elite

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group that has positions in powerful institutions

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interlocking directorate

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a group of the same people who all lobby Congress, advise the military, and sit on boards of corporations

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major institutions of power

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military, political, and economic

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Domhoff's definition of ruling/governing class

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view that the upper class governs the country by its influence over the economic and political systems through ownership of and/or control over corporations

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indicators of unity and dominance in the ruling class

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social connections (exclusive social clubs, private schools, vacations, charity work, lifestyle) and corporate connections establish these things within the ruling class

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prep schools and social clubs

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examples of social connections in the ruling class

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"bobos" or bourgeois bohemians

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the educated elite; the meritocratic class

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anxieties of abundance

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bobos' concern about their reputation, and their fear of becoming the people they rebelled against; drive to succeed vs. selling out

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"Born Rich"

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2003 documentary about the experience of growing up as a child in one of the world's richest families created by Jamie Johnson

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calculating the poverty line

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formula designed in 1964 by the Social Security Administration; three times the cost of food, adjusted for inflation; poverty line for family of 4 in 2009 was $21,000

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poverty line/poverty threshold

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minimum level of income deemed necessary to achieve an adequate standard of living

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absolute poverty

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Type of poverty that quantifies the number of people below the poverty threshold; the line must be the same in all different countries and cultures in order to truly be this

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relative poverty

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Type of poverty that is below the poverty threshold; in this system, if everyone's real income in an economy increases, but the income distribution stays the same, then the rate of relative poverty will also stay the same.

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characteristics of countries with high poverty rates

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the amount of support we give to the poor, and the level of wages in comparison to other nations

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Countries with higher poverty levels and higher overall inequality

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Mexico, US, Australia, Canada, Ireland, UK, Greece, Spain, Italy

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Countries with lower poverty levels

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Smaler, well-developed and high-spending welfare states like Sweden and Finland

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feminization of poverty

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caused by demographic shifts (rise in childbearing outside of marriage, higher divorce rate, longer life span), and economic realities (traditionally lower incomes, fewer property rights, inability to collect child support, occupational sex segregation)

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Gatreaux project

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(1960s) US housing desegregation project initiated by court order; court ordered the Chicago Housing Authority to provide scattered-site housing for public housing residents currently residing in isolated public housing projects in concentrated areas of poverty; CHA distributed Section 8 housing vouchers to 7500 African American families on welfare in either suburban or urban locations; results: urban participants were on welfare, dropping out of school

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MTO program (Moving to Opportunity for Fair Housing)

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(1990s) program sponsored by the United States Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) which gives Section 8 housing vouchers to low-income families and gives them counseling and assistance to help them move to low-poverty neighborhoods with better resources than the usual high-poverty neighborhoods that Section 8 voucher holders usually move to

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social mobility

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vertical movement up or down the occupational or income structure

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intergenerational mobility

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comparing the occupational position of parents with their children

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intragenerational mobility

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comparing the occupational position of a person over an extended period of time

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vertical mobility

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movement to another class

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horizontal mobility

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movement to a different position within the same class

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structural mobility

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a type of forced vertical mobility that results from a change in distribution of statuses within society, occurring when a demand for an occupation reaches its maximum

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inflow

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son inheriting father's occupation

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outflow

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son being recruited into occupation other than father's

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stability

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child with the same occupation as father

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mobility

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child with different occupation from father

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income inheritance

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about 60% of people had the same income as their parents in 2000

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producers of inequality

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theft, exploitation, monopolies, hard work, relationships and processes

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income inheritance

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about 60% of people had the same income as their parents in 2000

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institutionalized and normalized

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inequality becomes...

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producers of inequality

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theft, exploitation, monopolies, hard work, relationships and processes

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inequality contributors

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economic conditions, technological changes, political/economic/tax policy, spending on social welfare programs, employment conditions and workforce structure, discrimination and prejudice, segregation, intergenerational inheritance

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institutionalized and normalized

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inequality becomes...

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concerted cultivation

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stresses individual repertoires of activities, reasoning, and questioning

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accomplishment of natural growth

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emphasizes child-initiated play, autonomy from adults, and directives

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inequality contributors

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economic conditions, technological changes, political/economic/tax policy, spending on social welfare programs, employment conditions and workforce structure, discrimination and prejudice, segregation, intergenerational inheritance

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concerted cultivation

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stresses individual repertoires of activities, reasoning, and questioning

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class/big class regime

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a mobility study that assumes parents pass this to their children: social, cultural, and economic resources specific to one's class position, resulting in a preference and aptitude for particular occupations and creates a culture and social environment in which people have similar chances

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accomplishment of natural growth

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emphasizes child-initiated play, autonomy from adults, and directives

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occupational prestige or socioeconomic status/gradational regime

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a mobility study that assumes parents pass on to their children that the total amount of resources/skills matters (specific to a particular occupation)

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class/big class regime

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a mobility study that assumes parents pass this to their children: social, cultural, and economic resources specific to one's class position, resulting in a preference and aptitude for particular occupations and creates a culture and social environment in which people have similar chances

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occupation/micro class regime

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a mobility study that assumes parents pass on to their children the idea that social, cultural, and economic resources are specific to particular occupations

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occupational prestige or socioeconomic status/gradational regime

Back 55

a mobility study that assumes parents pass on to their children that the total amount of resources/skills matters (specific to a particular occupation)

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occupation/micro class regime

Back 56

a mobility study that assumes parents pass on to their children the idea that social, cultural, and economic resources are specific to particular occupations