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78 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Someone well versed in the social phenonmenon that you wish to study and who is willing to tell you what he or she knows about it
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Informant (don't confuse with respondent)
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A technique in which samples are selected in some way not suggested by probability theory
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Nonprobability sampling
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What was wrong with literary Digest poll of 1936 (presidential prediction)?
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Sampling frame was of car and telephone owners- during that time (depression) meant very well off so tended to side with conservative
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What did Gallup do that was different?
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He made sure to do quota sampling- took equal sample from each income strata
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What are different types of nonprobability sampling?
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-reliance on available subjects
-purposive/judgmental sampling -snowball sampling -quota sampling |
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A type of nonprobability sampling in which the units to be observed are selected on the basis of the researcher's judgment about which ones will be the most useful or representative
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purposive/judgmental sampling
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Say you want to study the leadership of a student protest movement; many of the leaders are visible, but it would not be feasible to define and sample all leaders. In studying all or a sample of the most visible leaders, you amy collect data sufficient for your purposes........ what type of sampling is this?
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Purposive/judgmental sampling- nonprobability
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A sampling method, often employed in field research, whereby each person interviewed may be asked to suggest additional people for interviewing
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Snowball Sampling (nonprobability)
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sampling in which units are selected into a sample on the basis of prespecified characteristsi, so that the total sample will have the same distribution of characteristics assumed to exist in the population being studied....
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Quota sampling
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Problem with quota sampling?
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-the quota frame/strata must be accurate, yet hard to get up to date info
-sampling within a cell/quota may be biased (avoiding really run down parts of town in poor neighborhoods) |
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What are the basic problems of nonprobaility research?
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limited on accurate and precise representations of populations
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What is being attempted with probability sampling?
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in order to provide useful descriptions of the total population, a sample of individuals from a population must contain essentially the same variations that exist in the population
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An example of unconscious sampling bias? Conscious sampling bias?
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Unconscious: simply selecting people who are more convenient- closest to researcher
-may feel intimidated by certain "cool" looking individual who might judge you Conscious: even if make conscious effort to poll every tenth visitored, may not be getting a good representative of population because only getting those who visit library the most |
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What is EPSEM?
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Equal Probability Selection Method: a sampling design in which each member of a population has the same chance of being selected into the sample
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The quality of a sample of having the same distribution of characteristics as the population from which it was selected
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Representativeness
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the unit of which a population is composed and which is selected in a sample
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Element (not unit of analysis which are used in data analysis)
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The theoretically specified aggregation of the elements of the study
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Population
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That aggregation of elements from which a sample is actually selected
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Study population
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A sampling method in which each element has an equal chance of selection independent of any other event in the selection process
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Random Selection
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That element or set of elements considered for selection in some stage of sampling
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sampling unit
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The summary description of a given variable in a population
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Parameter
ex: the mean income of all families in a city/ so when researchers generalize from a sample, theyre using sample observations to estimate population parameters |
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The distribution of dots on the graph of the mean of each sample.
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Sampling distributions
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Sampling distribution can be improved by...
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increasing the sample size
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The degree of error to be expected in probability sampling.
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Sampling error:
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The formula for determining sampling error contains three factors:
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Parameter, sample size, standard error
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the list or quasi list of units composing a population from which a sample is selected.
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Sampling Frame
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Ex: if a student is selected from a roster, what is the roster?
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the roster is the sampling frame
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Why don't we usually use the phonebook for a sampling frame?
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poor people are less likely to have telephones and rich people often have more than one line (A class bias)
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Samping in which units composing a popultion are assigned numbers, A set of random numbers is then generated, and the units having those numbers are included in the sample
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Simple Random Sampling (probability sampling)
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Sampling in which evey Kth unith in a list if selected for inclusion for the sample
If list contains 10,000 elements and you wanted a sample of 1000, you would select every 10th element for your sample. BUT also select first number (1-10) at random. |
Systematic sampling (probability sampling)
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the grouping of units composing a population into homogeneous groups (or strata) before sampling.
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Stratified Sampling
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how can stratification be used?
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not as an alternative to Simple Random Sampling or Random Start systematic sampling, but rather used in conjuction to improve representativeness
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for your research, if you first organize the population into homeogeneous subsets such as gender, then take Kth interval for subjects, what styles of sampling are you using?
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Stratified, Random start systematic sampling
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If you select a sample of US colleges from a directory, and then get lists of the students at all the selected schools, then draw samples of students from each.... this is called?
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Cluster sampling
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When do you use cluster sampling?
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when its either impossible or impractical to compile an exhaustive list of the elements composing the target poulation, such as all the church members in the US
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Multistage clustering reuires what two steps?
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Listing and then Sampling
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What is a type of multistage clustering sampling in which clusters are selected, not with equal probabilities, but with probabilities proportionate to their sizes- as measured by the number of units to be subsampled
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PPS
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PPS stands for what?
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Probability Proportionate to Size
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Whenever the clusters sampled are of greatly differing sizes, it's appropriate to use a modified sampling design called what?
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PPS
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What types of topics are appropriate for survey research?
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descriptive, explanatory, and exploratory
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Survey research is the best method available to the social researcher who is interested in....
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-collecting original data for describing a population too large to observe directly
-excellcent vechicles for measuring attitudes and orientations in a large poulation (public opinion polls) |
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What are the strengths and weaknesses of survey research?
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Strength: good for measuring attitutdes and orientations in a large population
Weaknesses: being too accurate (exit polls are used to predict winner of election before voting is done) - criticized for not being accurate |
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IN asking questions, when would you use a statement?
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If you can summarize the attitude in a fairly brief statement, you can present theat statement and ask respondents whether they agree or disagree with it
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When the respondent is asked to provide his or her own answers
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Open Ended questions
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When would you use an open- ended question?
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In- depth, qualitative interviewing relies almost exclusively on open-ended questions
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What is a way to check if you're using a double barreled question?
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If the word and appears in a question or statement, check whether their are multiple parts
-may mislead you |
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In an interview survey, what are the advantages and disadvantages of having a face to face interviewer?
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AD: attain higher response rates than do mail surveys (80-85 percent completion rate)
-decreases the number of DK'ss and No Answers -can clarify confusion -can observe as well as ask questions (can note race, etc) DIS: interviewer can influence the answers by gesture or communication |
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What is a matrix question and why is it useful?
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It offers an efficient format for presenting a set of closed-ended questionnaire items that have the same response categories
-uses space efficiently -respondents will probably complete more quickly -can use to review earlier questions to help decide their answer |
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What does Babbie recommend in ordering questions?
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SENSITIVITY TO THE PROBLEM:
- construct more than one version of test with different orderings |
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If a self administered test, how does babbie recommend the ordering of questions?
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begin with the most interesting set of items so those who causally look over will get intrigued
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If an interview, how does babbie recommend the ordering of questions?
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introduce study, gain rapport, get basic data first (nonthreatening material)
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General guidelones for survey interviewing:
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-appearance and demeanor: dress to respondents level, be relaxed and pleasant
-Familiarity with questions: know general background and organization working for, but also like actor- communicate naturally -FOLLOW ? WORDING EXACTLY -RECORDING RESPONSES EXACTLY:don't paraphase, or correct bad grammar -PROBING FOR RESPONSES: may need to probe further if answer is ambiguous- must be NEUTRAL THOUGH |
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What does Babbie recommend when training interviewers?
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-begin with description of what study is about (raises morale)
-the whole group should go through the questionnaire together- question by question -create specifications (explanatory and clarifying comments) and address their questions - conduct one or two demonstration interviews in front of everyone - Pair off your interviewers and have them practice on one another -then practice REAL interviews with people other than sample *** KEEP SUPERVISING TO ENSURE EFFICIENCY |
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What is the best training for interviewing?
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INTERVIEWING!
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What are the advantages to a telephones survey?
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-money and time! cheaper and quicker to let your fingers make trip to respondent
-can dress any way you please w/o affecting answers -may give you more unacceptable social answers since don't have to look in eye -allow greater control over data collection (can get clarification in office) -PERSONAL SAFETY |
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What are the disadvantages of telephone survey?
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-limited by defininiton to people who have telephones
- people can hang up easier -prevalence of answering machines/screening calls |
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What is a null hypothesis?
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No relationship
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When stating/creating a hypothesis, what did professor clucas say is necessary?
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- makes a predictipon about the relationship between two variables
-must be testable (so you can determine if right or wrong when examine the results -state in unambiguous manner |
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What are the criterion for causality?
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a "perfect" statistical relationship between two variables
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What is the central limit theorem?
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if repeated random sample of size N are selected from a normally distributed population, then the means of the samples will be normally distributed
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Law of Large Numbers
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as the size of the sample increase and becomes closer to the size of the total population, the mean and the variance will become closer to that found in the total population
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the standard distance (k) between elements selected from a population for a sample
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sampling interval
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that element or set of elements considered for selection in some stage of sampling
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sampling unit
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the proportion of elements in the population that are selected to be in a sample
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sampling ratio
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the summary description of a given variable in a population
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Parameter
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The range of values w/in which a population parameter is estimated to lie
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Confidence interval
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the estimated probability that a population parameter lies w/in a given confidence interval. Thus, we might be 95% confident that betw. 35 and 45% of all voters favor Candidate A.
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confidence level
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Row Variable has what variable in it?:
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dependent
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: a technique employed in interviewing to solicit a more complete answer to a question. It is a nondirective phrase or question used to encourage a respondent to elaborate on an answer. Ex. "Anything more?" and "How is that?"
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Probe
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that quality of a measurement device that tends to result in a misprepresentation, in a particular direction, of what is being measured
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bias
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95% confidence interval:
99% confidence interval: 99.9% confidence interval: |
95% confidence interval: 1.96 standard errors
99% confidence interval: 2.58 standard errors 99.9% confidence interval: 3.3 standard errors |
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Column Variable has what variable in it?:
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Independent variable
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This refers to a type of multistage cluster sample in which clusters are selected, not with equal probabilities but with probabilities proportionate to their sizes--as measured by the number of units to be subsampled.
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PPS (probability proportionate to size):
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a form of research in which the data collected and processed by one researcher are reanalyzed by another. Especially appropriate in the case of survey data.
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Secondary Analysis
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that list or quasi list of units composing a population from which a sample is selected. If the sample is to be representative of the population, it's essential that the sampling frame include all members of the population
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sampling frame
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the degree of error to be expected in a probability sampling the formula for determining sampling error contains three factors: the parameter, the sample size, and the std. error
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sampling error
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: the summary description of a variable in a sample, used to estimate a population parameter
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statistic
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the aggregation of elements from which a sample is actually selected
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study population
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