Soc 353

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Socializationtakes place

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through interaction with significant others, bymeans of communication, in emotionally significant contexts

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socialization

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The process by which individuals acquire the knowledge, skills, and character traits that enable them to participate as effective members of groups and society

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temperaments key element

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an individual’spersonality and has been shown to be stableover time

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temperament

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the innate characteristics that determine an individual’ssensitivity to various experiences and responsiveness to social interaction

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intentional socialization

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Socialization in which values are consistently conveyed, and backed up with; approval for compliance, negative consequences for noncompliance

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unintentional socialization

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takes place spontaneously, without thedeliberate intent to impart knowledge or values

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internalization

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externally controlled behavior shifts to internally or self regulate behaviors

children internalize the attitudes of their parents in the form of role taking

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behavior modification

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a treatment approach, based on the principles ofoperant conditioning, that replaces undesirable behaviors with moredesirable ones through positive or negative reinforcement

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exosystem

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settings in which children do not actually participate but which affect them in one of their microsystems (for example, parents jobs, the school board, the city counsel)

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mesosystem

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linkages and interrelationships between two or more of a persons microsystems (for example: home and school, school and community,

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macrosystem

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the society and subculture to which the developing person belongs with particular reference to the belief systems lifestyle patterns of social interaction and life changes: economics, race, culture, religion, technology, political ideology

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microsystem:

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activities and relationships with significant others experienced by a developing person in a particular SMALL SETTINGS such as - peers, family school, media, community

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Self Regulation

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It is what leads to internalization; we cannot change behavior until we internalize that behavior to be correct and true- if its not correct or true we wont do- so we have to internalize that to be correct and true

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Self Esteem

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the value one places on his or hers identity

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single parents and divorce:

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single mothers experience emotional and financial strain; single mother homes are poor

single father homes have more economic resources ad have more authority over their children,, find it difficult to obtain child care help causing social life strains

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role strain

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being a parent and then being an employee

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dual earner families

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Sex of the child – Girls see mom working as a positive, it tells her what she can do later, boys don’t like it – they want her home to take care of them.

Maternal role satisfaction –If mom is satisfied with her job/career it is a positive for her family, Paternal endorsement of mother’ empl. – what is impact? If he is supportive he will be more likely to help out, if not he will be resentful of the time she is away.

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achieved status

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social class, rank, or position determined by education, occupation, income, and or place of residence

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ascribed status

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social class, rank, or position determined by family lineage, gender, birth order, or skin color

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socioeconomic status and parenting styles

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- parents of low SES: they are likely to be more controlling AUTHORITARIAN and arbitrary in their discipline and are apt to use physical punishment they are likely to use more short directive and varying tones of voice to communicate with children

- parents of high SES: they are likely to be more DEMOCRATIC (AUTHORATATIVE) using reason with their children and being receptive to their children’s opinions they are likely to talk more to their children. Reason with them, and use complex language

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authoritarian

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Parent-centered; Characterized by unquestioning obedience to authority

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authoritative

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Democratic; Authority is based on competence or expertise

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permissive parenting style

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Child-centered; Characterized by lack of directives or authority

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abusive parents and their attitudes toward child(ren)…

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parents who face emotional problems financial problems and stress who lack knowledge about child development and who are immature may neglect or abuse their children

parents who abuse their children often have a psychological problem: depression and alcoholism have been linked to abuse

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Cycle of violence

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intergenerational transmission of violence.

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divorce effect

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Having divorced parents increases the likelihood of divorce Women and their children experience a substantial decline in their standard of living after a divorce

CHILDREN EFFECTS: Experience a deep sense of loss, Develop divided loyalties, AND Feel helpless in a situation beyond their control.

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Life stress

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accumulation of stressors results in problems for children of divorce.

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Parental loss

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assumes both parents in the same house is best for children.

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Parental adjustment

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quality of parenting is important in children’s adjustment to divorce

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Economic hardship

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is responsible for problems faced by children with divorced parents.

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Interparental conflict

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conflict between parents is responsible for thelowered well-being of children of divorce.

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parents charactersof low SES:

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are likely to emphasize more obedience respect neatness cleanliness and staying out of trouble parents of

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parent characteristics high SES

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are likely to emphasize more happiness creativity ambition independence curiosity and self control

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characteristics of sibling birth order- first born

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tend to be intellectual achievers and have highlevels of self-esteem. Tend to be moreresponsible and leaders

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characteristics of sibling birth order- middle born

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like only children tend to be more sexually permissive, more likely to engage on social activities, more likely to visit with friends frequently, more likely to make use of the media and be consistently less traditional.

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characteristics of sibling birth order- last born

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children have significantly lower levels ofself-esteem than first-or-last-borns.Tend to always seek attention

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parentified children

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this is when a child acts as the parent to his or her parent. They are also more likely to have a mid-life crisis later in life.

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parental children

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A parental child is a child, usually the oldest child, who is responsible for his or her siblings. Not just babysitting, they are acting as the parent of their younger siblings. This is a negative playing field- midlife crisis earlier

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alcohol effects

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- Studies have shown that children of alcoholics will either

1) become an alcoholic themselves

2) marry an alcoholic

3) never touch a drink in their life

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concerted cultivation

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is a style of parenting that is marked by a parent's attempts to foster their child's talents by incorporating organized activities in their children's lives.

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Cognitive Development theory

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- Piaget's theory of cognitive development is a comprehensive theory about the nature and development of human intelligence. Piaget believed that one's childhood plays a vital and active role in a person's development Piaget's idea is primarily known as a developmental stage theory.

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learning/ behaviorist

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Pavlov (classical) & skinner (operant)

self regulation theory

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psychoanalytic

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Freud (oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital)

self regulation theory

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child development

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Erickson (trust v mistrust, autonomy v shame &doubt, initiativev inferiority, identity v role confusion, intimacy v isolation, genrativity v.stagnation, integrity v despair)

piaget (sensorimotor,preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational)

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symbolic interaction

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interaction with other creating social self

Mead (preparatory stage, play stage, game stage)