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68 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Which country has lowest taxes in rich countries for average person?
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United States
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United States has ___ unemployment rates and ____ poverty rates...
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low (4%) BUT high poverty (13%)
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How many people in poverty have at least one person working full time...
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50%!!!!
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In the cooperative form of capitalism, who are the three main players
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the corporate elite, the state, and the employees
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Which country contends that 1/2 of board of directors are elected by employees of company?
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Germany
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In the united states, who elects board of directors..?
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Those with most shares.... 1% who own 90% elect
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Why do cooperative capitalists have high unemployment?
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Because job security is high and hard to fire
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Why does US have low production costs?
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because exploit labor for minimum pay and long hours (but lowest productivity per hour)
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What are the main factors of stratification?
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material and wealth
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Which country has the highest level of income inequality/disparity?
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United States
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The top 20% of United States gets how much of the income compared to bottom 20% who get how much?
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Top= 50%
Bottom = 3.4% |
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What does the GINI measure?
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Level of inequality
1.0 = one has all 0.0 = completely equal |
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What does the Philips Curve say?
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Unemployment and income are inverse
- when unemployment is down, income is up b/c can't find cheaper workforce (low bargaining power) |
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How many people live on less than 1 dollar a day?
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1.3 billion
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Average gap between CEO and average worker in US is vs UK
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400:1 US
25:1 UK |
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What does Germany do about corporations outsourcing?
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Charge fines for shutting down and relocating across the border, make pay severence to employees etc
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Wealth or Income Inequality greater?
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Wealth
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Which country has lowest standard of living for those in the bottom percentile?
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US
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Black wealth compared to white wealth is low why?
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Because hereditary- parents can help put down payment on house, whereas black families tend not to have resources to do so generation to generation
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How is the middle class defined?
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25% above lowest and 25% below top is 50% of middle
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In 1998, top 10% owned how much of stocks? What about in 2004?
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1998: 91%
2004: 85% (b/c dotcom crash |
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When breaking down the income, which ethnic groups has the highest percentage of over 100,000?
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The Asian
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The gini has seen what trends since the late 60's?
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Decling to late 70's, and then increased since 80/90's
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Which president made most tax cuts, more than any other president?
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George Bush
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Where have jobs been growing? And declining?
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Jobs at top and bottom increasing while middle class jobs have been declining
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Which industrial country has most money going to bottom 10%?
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Japan
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Wealth inequality is greater than income why? ( one contibuting factor)
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can be passed down from generation to generation easily
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Which president greatly reduced inheritance taxes?
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Reagan
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Racially, ___ inequality has lessened while ____ inequality has increased
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income inequaltiy has lessened while wealth has greatened
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Comparatively which country has highest wealth inequality? Which has lowest?
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Switzerland and US
Japan |
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Majority of taxes come form where?
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Families and individuals while corporate taxes have been declining
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IN united States, there is a focus on what kind of government services?
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Wealthfare moreso than welfare- most money goes to nonpoor
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Thomas Kuhn worked on concept of...
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Scientific Revolutions
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Functionalists think ranking comes from ....
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occupational prestige
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Lenski's Theory of Evolution sees what two factos driving evolutionary stages?
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Level of technology and amount of surplus produced
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Social differentiation is
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how/when people have been put into different roles with different tasks
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Social Statification
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inquality has been institutionalized and hence there is a system of social relationships that determines who gets what and why
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What is a Legitimation process?
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A rationale why they are at the bottom, justifying the stratification method
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Marx believed what big insitution would wither away?
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The state
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Who talked about bureacracy and middle class/multidimensional?
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Weber (unciritcal- conflict)
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Which theorist thought the substructure influenced more of the superstrucutre?
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Marx
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Why did Neolithic Revolution occur 10,000 years ago?
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Because climate change, increasing population forced sedentary lifestyles
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Which country was first to become major player in modern world system?
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Netherlands, b/c had first big revolt of bourgeuois
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Compared to Preindustrail societies, inequality is generally ___ in modern industrail socieities
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Much lower
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Main beliefs of Functionalist?
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- held together by consensus of norms
-holistic, organic view -system itself has needs |
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Historical Materialism is a concept of who? What does it mean/
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Marx- historical progression of how got these materials (means of production, relations to labor, etc)
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Labor Theory fo Value came form who?
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Marx- commodity doesn't have value/capital until labor put into it
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Who is a functionalist?
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Durkeheim
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Uncritical- Conflict theorist?
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Weber; built off of Marx, but didn't see optimism in change (could only change form of exploitation and not do away with)
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Who believed needed strong moral code because human nature was distrustful?
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Durkheim
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Examples of Value Assumptions?
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Critical vs. order
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Examples of model assumptions?
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Order vs Conflict
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Crtical value assumptions say what?
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Status quo is not inevitable (can change), optimistic of human nature, goal of sociology should be to better the society
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Uncritical value assumptions say what?
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Inequailty is inevitable, human nature is distrustful (greedy), and sociology should be value free (more objective)
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Order model says what?
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Society held together by consesnus of norms, looks at holistic picture, looks at social system as having its own needs (bigger picture)
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Conflict model says what?
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Society is held together by conflicting interest groups, looks at process and parts individually, sees societies as settings for struggles
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Which country, according to the World Health Organization, has the best National Care?
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France
(US is number 37- lowest for industrial nations) |
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What is the Lorenze Curve?
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Compares Perfect equality to Income and welath inequality
Wealth is farthest/biggest loop |
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The lowest fifth of population in the US has what kind of wealth?
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NEGATIVE- owe more than have
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What is the US GINI index? Who has lowest?
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.47
Denmark/Belgium |
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While the US' income inequality has ___ since 1980's, European countries inequality has ____
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US: inequality has greatened while European countries have been moving towards more equality
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IN regards to tax cuts, what pattern is seen for different percentiles of population?
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The top has saved the most money, with a declining amount down to the bottom
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Since the late 1960's, what classes have seen income gain? Income losses?
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All but the top 20% have seen income losses who actually gained 13%
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Who has seen the highest shrinking income?
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The middle class, or 2nd 20% who have lost 17%
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Which ethnic group makes up the biggest portion of families receiving under 5000 a year?
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African Americans
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Class Divisions are based on what 3 main criteria?
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1. Occupational structure
2. Authority Structure (how many they take orders from vs. how many they give orders to) 3. Property Structure: ownership of property that produces profit (stock) |
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What are the three types of authority?
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1. Legal-Rational: accepted on legalality norms
2. Charimatic authority: one person who acclaims norms 3. Traditional authority: following tradtion and accepted belief |
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Which job was given the highest occupational prestige in the text?
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Department head in a state government
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