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24 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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availability sampling
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sampling in which elements are selected on the basis of convenience.
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bias
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occurs when some population characteristics are over- or underrepresented in the sample.
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population
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the entire set of individuals or other entities to which study findings are to be generalized.
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probability sampling method
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the sampling method that relies on a random or chance selection method so that the probability of selection of population elements is known.
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random digit dialing
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the random dialing by a machine of numbers within designated phone prefixes, which creates a random sample for phone surveys.
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representative sample
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a sample that "looks like" the population from which it was selected. The distribution of characters among the elements of a representative sample is the same as those among the total population.
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sample
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a subset of a population that is used to study the population as a whole.
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sampling frame
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a list of all elements or other units containing the elements in a population.
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sampling units
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units listed at each stage of a multistage sampling design.
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target population
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a set of elements larger than or different from the population sampled and to which the researcher would like to generalize.
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debriefing
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a researcher's informing subjects after an experiment about the experiment's purposes and methods and evaluating subjects' personal reactions to the experiment.
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Hawthorne effect
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type of contamination in experimental/quasi-experimental designs that occur when members of the treatment group change their behavior because they know they are being watched.
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placebo effect
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this occurs when subjects receive a false treatment but they consider themselves improving or benefiting from it when in actuality it's their own mindset.
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quasi-experimental design
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a research design in which there is a comparison group that is comparable to the experimental group in critical ways but subjects are not randomly assigned to the comparison and experimental groups.
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self-fulfilling prophecy
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when change among experimental subjects is due to the positive expectancies of the staff who are delivering treatment, rather than to the treatment itself.
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spurious effect
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a relationship among two variables that is actually due to the variation of a third variable.
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anonymity
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provided by research in which no identifying information is recorded that could be used to link respondents to their responses.
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context effects
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in survey research, refers to the influence that earlier questions may have on how subsequent questions are answered.
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contingent question
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a question that is asked of only a subset of survey respondents.
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cover letter
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the letter sent with a mailed questionnaire.
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double-barreled question
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a single survey question that actually asks two questions but allows only one answer.
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fence-sitters
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survey respondents who see themselves as being neutral on an issue and chooses a middle (neutral) response that is offered.
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filter question
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a survey question used to identify a subset of respondents who then are asked other questions.
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floaters
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survey respondents who provide an opinion on a topic in response to a closed-ended question that does not include "don't know" option but who will choose "don't know" if it is available.
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