Soc

Front 1

police obligations

Back 1

1. establish authority (badge)
2. obtain information (get info to make sure the police should be there)
3. accomplish satisfactory outcome (turn music down, take juvenile home, arrest=last resort)

Front 2

functionalist perspective

Back 2

fair system

Front 3

conflict perspective

Back 3

arrest isn't always based on criminal behavior but status of the people involve; bias, discrimination against social status

Front 4

Decision of arrest is based on..

Back 4

1. Seriousness of the offense: safety of community
2. Wishes of the complainant: If complainant wants arrest then they're more likely to arrest that if they don't/don't care
3. Suspects demeanor: if suspect is disrespectful, increases likelihood that arrest will happen

Front 5

Study done by Anderson

Back 5

African American victims:
-less likely to arrest offender
-slower response time
-fewer police services available

Front 6

Study done by terril

Back 6

African Americans are more likely to be watched/followed and detained, arrested and use of force/lethal force

Front 7

Tennesse v. Garner

Back 7

-if victimes run away, cop can shoot them
-if officer believes they can cause danger to community or citizen, they can use lethal force

Front 8

Police officers are more likely to draw their guns when..

Back 8

1. high crime rate (in neighborhood; more suspicious)
2. police workload: fewer officers per capita=more likely to have shoots by police
3. firearm availability: in areas where people have a lot of guns=more police shootings

Front 9

Study done by Fyfe

Back 9

-officers more likely to shoot AA suspect in less threatening circumstances than whites (conflict approach, labeling theory)
-why officers use excessive amount of force?(psych. theory)
a.dogmatic
b.authoritarian
c. suspiciousness
d. racist
e. hostility

Front 10

police subculture

Back 10

1. tendency to be secretive
2. loyalty to other officers
3. clashiness: isolated from rest of society

Front 11

study done by weisbrod

Back 11

15-20% witnessed an officer harassing a citizen because of his or her race and didn't report it
DA theory: look away at misconduct; basically agree that they don't rat people out

Front 12

purpose of bail

Back 12

ensure the position of the defender from judicial points and make sure right people are kept in jail

Front 13

bail possibilities

Back 13

a. release defendant: sign document promising appearance at court
b. set bail: someone who is more at risk of not coming back
c. deny bail: go back to jail, no possibility that you're getting out

Front 14

bail decisions are more based on..

Back 14

1. seriousness of crime
2. quality of evidence
3. character of defendant

Front 15

warrant

Back 15

specifies charges against criminal; may be different than those on police report

Front 16

preliminary hearing

Back 16

judge formally reviews evidence and decisions; determines whether there is enough evidence to require a trial

Front 17

pretrial phase

Back 17

suspect is formally bound over for prosecution
states all charges that should go forward to trial

Front 18

grand jury

Back 18

24 people who agree to serve for one year; tend to be retired
agree with prosecution=issue indictment
misdemeanors skip grand jury

Front 19

arraignment

Back 19

another formal review of evidence
defendant makes plea/respond to charges

Front 20

arraignment may wait several factors..

Back 20

1. court load
2. community response
3. prosecutorial resources

Front 21

Studies show that females are treated more leniently and are less likely to be incarcerated because...

Back 21

1. judicial paternalism
2. social costs to children
3. women are less dangerous (more amenable to treatment)

Front 22

3 types of sentencing

Back 22

1. determinate
2. indeterminate
3. presumptive

Front 23

determinate sentencing

Back 23

(classical theory)
Fixed sentence: mandatory minimums
advantages:
1. you do the crime, you do the time (control theory)
2. extra legal factors aren't taken into account (no bias)
3. prevents crime
disdvantage:
1. feelings cannot be taken into account
2. can't use judges wisdom and knowledge
3. discretion isn't being used
Unexpected problem: prisons overcrowding

Front 24

indeterminate sentencing

Back 24

judge has a range of penalties to choose from

Front 25

presumptive sentencing

Back 25

judge has several choices of more or less severity
choose from fixed sentences

Front 26

study done by hagan

Back 26

found that higher percentage of AA's going to prison because they commit more severe crimes
Functionalist perspective: if people commit more severe crimes then they are more likely to go to jail

Front 27

Study in Florida: Homicide cases

Back 27

AA offender+White victim=charges upgrade
White offender+AA victim=charged downgrade

Front 28

war on drugs

Back 28

stop people from using drugs=harsher penalties
targeted poor AA neighborhood
AA more likely to be arrested than whites

Front 29

Anti-Drug Abuse Act

Back 29

called for mandatory minimum sentences for drug offenders
judge had no discretion (determinate sentencing) only way to get out of mandatory sentence is to provide 'substantial assistance'

Front 30

substancial assistance

Back 30

name names
people on the top are more likely to get off= "Drug Lords"
Functionalist=substancial assistance allows law enforcement to get criminals (classical)

Front 31

conspiracy amendment

Back 31

Feminist
if you are connected to drugs in any way you get in trouble
Conflict: unfair b/c it targets people who have less power and has and unfair impact on women and their families

Front 32

Justice Model

Back 32

punishment is about revenge
"Just dessert model" (get what you deserve)
assumptions: offenders know penalties and break law anyway (punishment is determined by seriousness of crime

Front 33

Utilitarian Model

Back 33

legal punishment is justified when there is a desirable outcome
punishment has a purpose:
a. detterence: prevention of future crime
b.rehabilitation: prevention of crime because offender has changed (motivation, attitude, values)
c. incapacitation: people who cannot be "treated"
d. moral education: educate entire community about the acceptance limits of behavior

Front 34

prisonization

Back 34

the process by which new inmates learn the rules of prison

Front 35

prison culture

Back 35

1. us against them (the guards): guards are the enemy-can't be trusted; if anyone has a relationship with a guard, they are an outcast
2. mind your own business: rule for safety
3. group solidarity: affiliate with a group to gain their protection or something that you want

Front 36

important model

Back 36

importing their values from the streets to prison
values from the streets are the same as values in prison
value system includes violence
offender values determine prison culture

Front 37

deprivation model

Back 37

inmates act the way they do because they are deprived of basic human needs
act dysfunctional just to survive
deprivation of human needs leads to prison culture
any person placed in that situation will act out
ex. study done by Zimbardo

Front 38

criticisms of U.S. prison policy

Back 38

1. deprivation
2. overcrowding
3. cost
4. recidivism

Front 39

Mitigating factors

Back 39

-decreased likelihood that the defendant gets death
a. youth (juveniles)
b. mental capacity
c. minor role
d. unforeseen risk

Front 40

Aggravating factors

Back 40

-increase likelihood that defendant gets death
a. commission of another felony
b. knowingly created a grave risk for a person besides the victim
c. if murder was carried out in a "heinous, cruel or depraved manner"
d. payment fo murder
e. if murder was carried out by an assault weapon

Front 41

death row criticisms

Back 41

1. race
2. cost
3. no detterent effect
4. exonerations

Front 42

types of prevention

Back 42

1. deterrence: effort blamed at offenders
2. reducing vulnerability: focusing on victims, reduce odds of being target of crime- most sexual assaults

Front 43

types of prevention

Back 43

1. primary prevention
2. secondary prevention
3. tertiary prevention

Front 44

primary prevention

Back 44

aimed at preventing crime before it occurs
target is general public
"just say no" campaign
D.A.R.E. programs

Front 45

secondary prevention

Back 45

aims at preventing crime before it happens
targets risk populations

Front 46

tertiary prevention

Back 46

change them so they don't do it again
focus on intervention in identified cases
crime has already occured

Front 47

why racial profiling doesn't work
article

Back 47

labeling
conflict
nurture

Front 48

class bias in sentencing
article

Back 48

labeling
conflict
nurture

Front 49

against the death penalty
article

Back 49

labeling
conflict
nurture

Front 50

guilty until proved innocent
article

Back 50

labeling
conflict
nurture

Front 51

capital punishment affirms life
article

Back 51

classical
functionalist
nurture

Front 52

policing a class
article

Back 52

marxist
conflict
nurture

Front 53

class state and crime
article

Back 53

marxist
conflict
nurture

Front 54

ex con next door
article

Back 54

strain anomie
conflict
nurture

Front 55

women's pathways to felony
article

Back 55

feminist
conflict
nurture

Front 56

society of women
article

Back 56

feminist
conflict
nurture

Front 57

doing justice the choice of punishment
article

Back 57

classical
functionalist
nurture

Front 58

extra legal attributes
article

Back 58

classical
functionalist
nurture

Front 59

violence and the police
article

Back 59

differential association
functionalist
nurture

Front 60

prisonization
article

Back 60

differential association
functionalist
nurture
(importation model)

Front 61

a sketch of the police man's working
article

Back 61

psychological
functionalist
nurture

Front 62

the pain of imprisonment
article

Back 62

no theory
conflict
nurture
deprivation model