Soc 210 Unit 1

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Sociology

Back 1

the systematic study of human behavior in social context

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Social Solidarity

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(1) the degree to which group members share their beliefs and values and (2) the intensity and frequency of their interaction

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Altruistic Suicide

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Durkheim's term for suicide that occurs in high-solidarity settings, where norms tightly govern behavior. Altruism means devotion to the interests of others. This type of suicide is suicide in group interest.

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Egotistic Suicide

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Durkheim's term for a type of suicide that occurs in solidarity settings. It results from a lack of integration of the individual into society because of weak social ties to others.

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Anomic Suicide

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Durkheim's term for a type of suicide that occurs in low-solidarity settings, where norms governing behavior are vaguely defined. Anomie means “without order.”

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Social Structures

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stable patterns of social relations

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Social Imagination

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quality of mind that enables one to see the connection between personal troubles and social structures.

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Micro Structures

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patterns of social relations formed during face-to-face interaction. Families, friendship circles, and work associations are all examples of micro structures.

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Sociological Perspective

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the sociological point of view

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Scientific revolution

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began in Europe about 1550. It encouraged the view that sound conclusions about the workings of society must be based on solid evidence, not just speculation.

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Industrial Revolution

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the rapid economic transformation that began in Britain in the late 1780's. It involved the large-scale application of science and technology to industrial processes, the creation of factories, and the formation of a working class. It created a host of new and serious social problems that attracted the attention of many social thinkers.

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Democratic Revolution

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Began about 1750, during which citizens in the USA, France, and other countries broadened their participation in government. This revolution suggested that people organize society and that human intervention can therefor resolve social problems.

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Dysfunction

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effects of social structures that create social instability.

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Manfest Functions

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visual and intended effects of social structures.

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Latent Functions

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invisible and unintended effects of social structures.

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Global Structure

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patterns of social relations that lie outside and above the national level. They include international organizations, patterns of worldwide travel and communication, and the economic relations between and among countries.

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Reliability

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the degree to which a measurement procedure yields consistent results.

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Validity

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the degree to which a measure actually measures what it is intended to measure.

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Participant observation

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a type of field research that involves carefully observing peoples face-to-face interactions and participating in their lives over a long period, thus achieving a deep and sympathetic understanding of what motivates them to act in the way they do.

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Field Research

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research based on the observation of people in their natural settings.

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Survey

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asks people questions about their knowledge, attitudes, or behavior, either in a face-to-face interview, or paper-and-pencil format.

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Respondents

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people who answer survey questions

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Sample

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part of the population of research interest that is selected for analysis.

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Probablity Sample

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sample in which units have a known and nonzero chance of being selected.

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Reactivity

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the tendency of people who are observed by a researcher by concealing certain things or acting artificially to impress the researcher.

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Sampling Frame

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a list of all the people in the population interest to a researcher.

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Experiment

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a carefully controlled artificial situation that allows researchers to isolate hypothesized cause and measure their effects precisely.

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Experimental Group

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the group in an experiment that is exposed to the independent variable.

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Control Group

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the group in an experiment that is not exposed to the independent variable.

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Randomization

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an experiment, involves assigning individuals to experimental and control groups by chance processes.

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Identify the four major Theoretical Approaches

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(1) Structural Functional Approach (2) Social Conflict Approach (3) Symbolic Interaction Approach (4) Feminist Theory

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Structural Funcional Approach

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Macro Level analysis that sees people as puppets of society, all differnt parts of society work towards one common goal. Major part of society is structures.

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Socail Conflict Approach

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Macro level analysis that sees individuals as prisoners of society, individuals work towards conflicting goals, divide by a dominate and subordinate group (privileged vs underpriviledged

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Symbolic Interaction Approach

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Micro level of analysis that sees people as actors in a play, people see reality based on experience and subjective values

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2 concepts of Symbolic Interactionism

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(1) definition of situation (expectations) (2) Social Conscience of reality (interpretation)

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Reactivity

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the tendency of people who are observed by a researcher by concealing certain things or acting artificially to impress the researcher.

Front 37

Survey

Back 37

asks people questions about their knowledge, attitudes, or behavior, either in a face-to-face interview, or paper-and-pencil format.

Front 38

Respondents

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people who answer survey questions

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Sample

Back 39

part of the population of research interest that is selected for analysis.

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Probablity Sample

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sample in which units have a known and nonzero chance of being selected.

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Identify and describe the six steps of the research cycle.

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(1) Formulating a research question (2) reviewing the existing research literature (3) select research method (4) collecting data (5) analyzing data (6) publishing the results

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Describe the main methods of collecting sociological data.

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refer to soc terms related to experiments

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W.E.B De Bouis

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social conflict theory, NAACP, brought racial issues to sociology

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Describe the contribution of Harriet Martineau, Jane Addams, and feminist theory to sociology largely ignored by other pioneers of sociology.

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brought gender issues to light

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Discuss the contribution of Auguste Comte, Karl Marx, Emile Durkheim, and Max Weber to the birth of sociology as a social science and a way of combating social ills

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father of coiology (comte), wanted to slow down change to perserve society, believed heavily in scientific method

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four points of sociological compass

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(1) equality of opportunity (2) constraint (3) inequality of opprtunity (4) freedom